Term
| What does the term "bioenergetics" refer to? |
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Definition
| The body's ability to acquire, convert, store, and utilize energy. |
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Term
| What is adenosine triphosphate? |
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Definition
| The immediate source of energy for all cellular activities including muscle contraction. |
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Term
| What is adenosine diphosphate? |
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Definition
| ATP is broken down into it in releasing its energy. |
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Term
| What is the phosphagen system? |
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Definition
| An energy pathway that is composed of the ATP and phosphocreatine stored in muscle fibers. |
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Term
| What happens through the activity of the enzyme creatine kinase? |
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Definition
| Phosphocreatine yields its phosphate group so that it can be added to ADP to synthesize ATP. |
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Term
| How long can stored ATP and PCr sustain exercise of all-out effort? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another term for the nonoxidative system? |
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Definition
| The "anaerobic" pathway, because oxygen is not required for it to produce ATP. |
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Term
| What can be used to produce ATP in this system? |
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Definition
| Only carbs (remember that) |
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Term
| In the absence of oxygen, what does the breakdown of carbohydrates yield? |
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Definition
| Lactic acid (or lactate), which can contribute to muscle fatigue as it accumulates. |
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Term
| What is the oxidative system also called? |
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Definition
| The "aerobic" system because oxygen is required for it to proceed. |
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Term
| What can be used to synthesize ATP by the aerobic pathway? |
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Definition
| carbs, lipids (fats), and to a limited extent, proteins. |
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Term
| What is oxidative phosphorylation? |
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Definition
| It is how ATP is produced during aerobic exercise. |
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Term
| What are the metabolic by-products that result from oxidative phosphorylation? |
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Definition
| water and CO2, which have no fatiguing effects on working muscle. |
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Term
| What do muscles primarily rely on to produce ATP in activities lasting more than 3 minutes and where intensity is limited. |
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Definition
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Term
| When one moves from nonoxidative to oxidative, that is refered to as... |
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Definition
| the "anaerobic threshold" or the "lactate threshold". |
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Term
| What has endurance training been shown to increase in relation to ATP? |
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Definition
| the capacity of the oxidative system to produce ATP. |
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Term
| How does the increase in the capacity to produce ATP happen? |
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Definition
| increased mitochondrial density noted in muscle that has undergone prolonged endurance training. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of skeletal muscle tissue? |
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Definition
| To move bony levers (bones) of the skeletal system, thus enabling mobility or movement of the body. |
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Term
| What are the types of muscle in the body? |
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Definition
| skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. |
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Term
| How much of the human body's mass is skeletal muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term for skeletal muscle cells? |
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Definition
| "myocytes" or "myofibers" |
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Term
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Definition
| a layer of connective tissue that is found wrapped around each myofiber. |
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Term
| What do a group of as many as 150 myofibers lying in parallel bundled together form? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the layer of tissue that encases a fasciculus? |
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Definition
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Term
| Each myofiber contains how many nuclei |
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Definition
| they may possess 200-300 nuclei/mm of fiber length. |
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Term
| What is richly developed in the myofiber as the calcium it stores is needed to stimulate muscle contraction? |
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Definition
| the sarcoplasmic reticulum. |
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Term
| What is the plasma membrane of the myofiber referred to as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two filaments account for approximately 60% of the protein content of myofiber? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Myosin is the larger protein sometimes called the "thick filament" and actin is the smaller of the contractile proteins and is termed the "thin filament" |
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Term
| Other than myosin and actin, what are essention in triggering a contractile event? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three myosin isoforms? |
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Definition
| type I, IIA, and IIX, which correspond to the fiber types of I, IIA, and IIB |
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Term
| What are characteristics of Type I muscle fibers? |
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Definition
| They have slow twitch properties, but high oxidative capacity. |
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Term
| What are characteristics of Type IIB muscle fibers? |
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Definition
| They are fast twitch with low oxidative potential. |
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Term
| What are characteristics of Type IIA muscle fibers? |
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Definition
| intermediate, both in velocity and oxidative capacity. |
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Term
| What does the sliding-filament theory of muscle contraction explain? |
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Definition
It explains how protein filaments interact to produce a twitch of the fiber with the following sequence of events.
1. as the nervous system excites the myofibers sarcolemma and its transverse tubules (T tubules), calcium stored within the sarcoplasmic reticulum is realeased into the cell's cytosol.
2) Calcium binds to troponin, causing the associated tropomyosin to undergo a confrmational shift (a change in shape)
3) because of this shift, "active sites" on the actin filament are exposed.
4) Cross-bridge heads located on the myosin molecule bind to the exposed active sites of actin.
5)ATPase, whcih is found in the cross-bridge head, cleaves ATP, resulting in the "power stroke" that pulls actin toward the center of the myosin molecule.
5) the entire places repeats itself so long as cytosolic calcium levels remain elevated.
UGH! |
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Term
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Definition
| A single motor neuron and all of the myofibers that it innervates comprise a motor unit. |
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Term
| What happens to the myofibers of a motor unit when contracted? |
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Definition
| All contract simultaneously (all or none). |
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Term
| All myofibers of a single motor unit are the same type? |
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Definition
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Term
| Go from smallest to largest in the muscle. |
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Definition
| myofilaments, myofibril, muscle fiber or cell or fascicle, bundle surrounded by perimysium, muscle surrounded by fascia of epimysium. |
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Term
| What happens to muscle fibers when training? |
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Definition
| A conversion of type IIX to IIA will take place whether the training is endurace or resistance. |
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Term
| What does the pulmonary system do? |
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Definition
| Allows the body to breathe by exchanging gases with the environment. |
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Term
| What type of breathing is most required during exercise? |
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Definition
| Breathing through the mouth. |
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Term
| Where do passageways through the nose and mouth join? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does inhaled air pass through after going through the pharynx? |
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Definition
| the larynx, then the cartige-lined trachea (wind-pipe). |
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Term
| What does the trachea then break off into? |
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Definition
| two bronchi, which each lead to the lungs. |
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Term
| What do the bronchi divide to form? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is located at the end of each bronchiole? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in the alveoli? |
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Definition
| gases are exchanged between the lungs and the blood traveling through the capillaries surrounding each alveolus. |
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Term
| What happens during inhalation? |
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Definition
| the inspiratory muscles contract to expand the volume of the thoracic cavity. |
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Term
| Where do the diaphragm and intercostal muscles move during inhalation? |
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Definition
| diaphragm moves downward toward the abdomen and intercostal muscles pull the rib cage up and outward. |
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Term
| During rest, exhalation is a passive process that involves muscles moved during inhalation to go back to where they were. |
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Definition
| During exercise though, it is an active process. |
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Term
| What is minute ventillation? |
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Definition
| VE is the volume of air either inspired or expired over the course of a minute. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| During maximal intensity exercise, what can VE reach? |
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Definition
| 20 to 25 fold higher than the typical 6L/min. |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of air enterring or leaving the lungs in a single breath. |
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Term
| What is respiratory rate? |
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Definition
| number of breaths per minute. |
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Term
| How much of the body's energy is used for breathing at rest, during moderate exercise, and during maximal exercise? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does anaerobic threshold occur in untrained individuals. |
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Definition
| At approximately 55% of VO2 max. |
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Term
| When does the anaerobic threshold occur in highly trained individuals? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| onset of blood lactate accumulation. |
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Term
| What is the cardiovascular system composed of? |
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Definition
| The heart and the blood vessels that carry blood throughout the body. |
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Term
| what is the muscle of the heart? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| how many chambers are in the heart? What are they? |
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Definition
| 4, the two upper chambers are the atria, and the two lower chambers are the ventricles. |
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Term
| Where do the atria receive blood from? |
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Definition
| left atrium from the lungs, right atrium from all other parts of the body. |
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Term
| What separates the right and left sides of the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the blood go after it arrives in the atria? |
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Definition
| To the ventricles, which then pump blood to the lungs and the rest of the body. |
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Term
| True or false? The right and left atria contract in unison as do the right and left ventricles. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the cardiac cycle? |
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Definition
| The sequence of events during the heart's pumping action. |
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Term
| What is systole and diastole? |
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Definition
| Systole refers to the contractile phase of the myocardium, and diastole is the relaxation phase between contractions. |
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Term
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Definition
| the volume of blood ejected during each ventricular contraction which is typically 70mL. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is cardiac output (Q)? |
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Definition
| The amount of blood pumped from the heart by each ventricle per minute. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is End-diastolic Volume (EDV)? |
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Definition
| the amount of blood in each ventricle at the end of the resting phase. A normal EDV is approximately 125 mL at rest. |
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Term
| What is the Frank-Starling Law? |
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Definition
| It states that EDV will significantly affect SV because the greater volume of blood in the ventricle, the greater the stretch imparted on the myocardium. |
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Term
| What is End-Systolic Volume (ESV)? |
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Definition
| the volume of blood remaining in each ventricle at the end of its contraction. At rest it is about 55mL. |
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Term
| What is ejection fraction? (EF) |
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Definition
the percentage of blood in the ventricle during diastole that is actually pumped out during systole.
EF = SV/EDV.
Under resting conditions, EF is typically 60% although it can range between 50% and 75% |
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Term
| How much man Q be higher at maximal effort during exercise? |
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Definition
| five to sixfold higher than at rest (25-30L/min) |
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Term
| What happens with SV during exercise? |
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Definition
| It increases until exercise intensity reaches approximately 50% and then it levels off. |
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Term
| you know this, but a linear relationship exists between HR and exercise intensity. |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to EDV during exercise. |
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Definition
| It can be as high as 160mL when SV is at its peak value. |
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Term
| What happens to max HR during chronic aerobic training? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens with resting HR with prolonged aerobic training? |
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Definition
| it will be significantly lowered. |
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Term
| When is SV greater? During exercise in the supine position (swimming) or during upright exercise (running or biking)? Why? |
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Definition
| Supine. Because blood return from the legs is more efficient. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thick walled, large-diameter vessels that carry blood away from the heart. |
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Term
| What is the largest artery? |
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Definition
| The aorta. It directly receives blood from the left ventricle. |
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Term
| Describe each blood vessel from largest to smallest to largest again. |
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Definition
| Ateries > arterioles > capillaries < venules < veins. |
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Term
| What is the difference between an artery and a vein? |
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Definition
| arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry blood to the heart. |
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Term
| What system are these blood vessels a part of? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do one-way valves function? |
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Definition
| They ensure unidirectional blood flow through the network and allow for the circulation of blood within the entire body. |
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Term
| What are sodiation and vasoconstruction? |
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Definition
| sodilation happens during exercise when arterioles are dilated. Vasoconstruction has the opposite effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| The force exerted by the blood on the walls of the vessel as blood is flowing through that vessel. |
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Term
| What are afterload and preload? |
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Definition
| The resistance imposed by the vessels as blood is pumped from the heart is termed afterload. Preload is the amount of blood in the ventricle before contraction. |
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Term
| How do enhanced afterload and preload affect SV? |
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Definition
| afterload is negative preload is positive. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| The difference between systolic and diastolic. In a healthy person at rest, it is approximately 40mm |
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Term
| What is Mean Arterial Pressure? (MAP) |
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Definition
| the average pressure exerted throughout the cardiac cycle. MAP=DBP + 1/3(SBP-DBP) |
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Term
| What is Rate-Pressure Product (RPP) or double product. |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| The moving of blood away from visceral organs to the active skeletal muscles. This happens to only 20% of blood at rest but up to 85% of blood during exercise. |
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Term
| What happens to blood pressure during exercise? |
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Definition
SBP may exceed 200mm Hg during maximal intensity exercise. or 140-160 during submaximal exercise.
DBP either remains steady of decreases slightly even during maximal exercise. |
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Term
| What should lead to the immediate cessation of exercise? |
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Definition
| a significant drop in SBP, and increase of DBP >15 mm Hg, or SBP elevated beyond 260 mm Hg. |
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Term
| What happens to blood pressure with prolonged exercise? |
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Definition
| it drops, but it appears the exercise is effective only amoung those who are mildly hypertensive. |
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Term
| How much of a person's body weight is blood? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is blood composed of? |
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Definition
| plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a measure of the percentage of the blood's volume that is composed of red blood cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| an effect of exercise, which increases the volume of blood delivered to the working muscles. |
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Term
| What is cardiovascular drift? |
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Definition
| The movement of plasma out of the blood vessels and into the surrounding tissue. |
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Term
| What is hemoconcentration? |
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Definition
| apparent elevations in hematocrit and hemoglobin values. |
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Term
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Definition
| a decrease of relative measures of hemoglobin and hematocrit in well-conditioned athletes but this should not be considered a bad thing. |
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Term
| NOTE: exercise in the supine position increases SV, which leads to a decrease in HR. (one of the review questions mentions that) |
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Definition
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Term
| How much of blood is plasma in men and women? |
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Definition
| 55 per cent in men. 58 per cent in women. |
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Term
| What is plasma composed of? |
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Definition
| 90-93 per cent of it is water, but it is also composed of proteins, electrolytes, gases, nutrients, waste products, and various hormones. |
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