Term
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Definition
| involves the highest level of human cognitive ability. It is possible to have a language impairment and still have intact executive functions. |
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Term
| 7 types of Executive Functions |
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Definition
| Planning, Sequencing, accomplishing goal-directed behavior, Maintaining flexibility, problem solving, reasoning, using judgement |
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Term
| What abilities are included in visual perception? |
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Definition
| discriminate, analyze,recognize, interpret visual stimuli, visually construct using eye-hand coordination |
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Term
| Why is it important to test a patient's visual fields? |
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Definition
| the patient’s visual fields must be assessed to rule-out hemianopsia and visual inattention |
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Term
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Definition
| Language is a system of symbols used to functionally communicate. It involves the use of spoken, written, manual, or other symbol systems to convey one’s thoughts for expression or reception of information. |
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| What are common communication modes |
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Definition
| Listening, speaking, reading, and writing are common communication modes. Sign language, gestures, drawings, and picture symbols may also be used to communicate |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory, Motor, Interneurons |
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Term
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Definition
| sensors and are sensitive to light, sound, touch, temperature, smell, and chemical input |
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Term
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Definition
| are actors and receive excitation from other cells giving rise to muscle impulses and secretion of hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| connect one neuron to another and can notify motor neurons to move a part of the body that has detected dangerous sensory information |
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| How many neurons in the human brain? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| body (soma), filamental extensions (dendrites), and longer fibers (axons). |
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Term
| What is the function of dendrites? |
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Definition
| receive stimuli from other neurons |
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Term
| What is the function of axons? |
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Definition
| send stimuli to other neurons, glands, and muscles. |
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Term
| How are messages transmitted between neurons? |
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Definition
| Transmission is electrochemical via neurotransmitters; One neuron stimulates another and so on |
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Term
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Definition
| The brain and Spinal cord |
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Term
| What does the spinal cord contain? |
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Definition
| Each segment of the spinal cord has sensory and motor nerves that innervate the skin, organs, and muscles of the body |
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Term
| What doesA substantial loss of neurons in the adult brain often leads to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the human brain weigh at birth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the brain weigh at 1 year old? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much does an adult brain weigh? |
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Definition
| 1,200 to 1,400 grams (2.6 – 3.1 lbs.) |
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Term
| What are the three layers of tissue that protect the brain? |
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Definition
| Meninges- Dura, Arachnoid, Pia |
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Term
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Definition
| •is between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater and contains blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid |
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Term
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
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Definition
| clear and colorless fluid that circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord, cushioning and protecting them from injury,flows from one ventricle to the next and then into the subarachnoid space |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid-filled cavities in the brain;two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle;Ventricles and the central canal of spinal cord contain CSF. |
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Term
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Definition
| Located in each ventricle; produces CSF-is fluid like blood plasma formed by cells in the four ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
| Two lateral ventricles are located in the interior hemispheres of forebrain. They connect with the third ventricle at a posterior point which connects to the fourth ventricle in the medulla;drain through the foramin of luska and mejendi |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the flow of CSF is obstructed and accumulates in the ventricles or subarachnoid space thereby increasing pressure on the brain. In children this condition causes the bones in the head to spread and their head can become very large. |
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Term
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Definition
| also known as the cerebrum;the largest part of the brain and is involved in complex thinking, learning, personality, movement, touch, and vision |
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Term
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Definition
| is composed of gray matter or cell bodies totaling more than 6 billion along with their dendritic connections; left and right hemishpere;The cerebral cortex is actually the cover of the cerebri; the cortex is the cover and is grey |
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Term
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Definition
| •Gray matter contains nerve cell bodies, glial cells, capillaries, axons, and dendrites. Gray matter directs sensory or motor stimuli to the interneurons of the CNS for responsiveness via synaptic activation |
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Term
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Definition
| a longitudinal fissure comprised of two large bundles of axons thst connects the right and left hemispheres;comprised of cortical association fibers and subcortical connections;functioning is critical to transmission of information between the left and right hemispheres |
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Term
| contralateral innervation |
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Definition
| The two hemispheres receive sensory information form the contralateral side of the body and effect movement on the opposite side of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| When one side of the body is weak |
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Term
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Definition
| When one side of the body is paralyzed |
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Term
| Anytime there is damage there can be paralysis or hemiplegia. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| typically best at processing speech and language and is involved in verbal memory |
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Term
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Definition
| –typically best at processing paralinguistic information and pragmatics as well as non-linguistic information that is visual, spatial, musical, and emotional. |
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Term
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Definition
| Frontal, Temporal, Occipital, Parietal, Insular |
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Term
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Definition
| The frontal lobes let us know what we are consciously doing; Emotional responses, memory for habits, motor activities, and expressive language are mediated by the frontal lobes; affected by alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| - specialized for control of movement |
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Term
| prefrontal area of the cortex |
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Definition
| involved in planning and initiating, concentration, emotional responses, and disinhibition of behaviors. It also play a role in one’s ability to switch sets and adapt to changes. |
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Term
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Definition
| going back to the same thing over and over again; caused by damage to the frontal lobe |
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Term
| Impairment in the frontal lobes can result in… |
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Definition
Loss of simple movement, Loss of ability to spontaneously interact
Loss of flexible thinking and problem solving, Perseveration
Inability to focus on a task, Mood changes, Changes in personality and social behavior
Inability to speak, Inability to sequence complex movements |
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Term
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Definition
| primary for projections from the thalamic nuclei and important to balance; house the primary and secondary auditory cortex and are involved in auditory sensation and perception; |
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Term
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Definition
| Hearing ability, some visual perception, and categorization skills are dependent, in part, on the temporal lobes; contains Wernicke’s area, important for language comprehension |
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Term
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Definition
| both temporal lobes don’t work for hearing |
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Term
| Damage to Temporal lobes can cause… |
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Definition
| Damage may lead to motivational or emotional deficits due to poor comprehension |
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Term
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Definition
| Connects Broca's and Wernicke's areas |
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Term
| Impairment in the temporal lobes can result in… |
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Definition
| Difficulty recognizing faces (prosopagnosia),Difficulty understanding spoken words;Poor selective attention for information;Short-term memory loss;Interference with long-term memory;Increased or decreased interest in sexual behavior;Inability to categorize objects;Persistent talking (logorrhea);Increased aggressive behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the main area of termination for axons carrying information for the sense of touch. Sensations from the body are represented at various parts of the post-central gyrus. |
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Term
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Definition
| receive and evaluate most sensory information including touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and taste. They help us identify objects by sensations of touch. |
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Term
| Impairment in the parietal lobes can result in… |
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Definition
| Inability to attend to more than one object at a time;Problems with reading (alexia);Difficulty writing words (agraphia);Word blindness (inability to recognize words;Difficulty with math (dyscalculia);Difficulty drawing objects;Difficulty knowing left from right;Lack of awareness of specific body parts |
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Term
| Impairment in the parietal lobes can result in… 2 |
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Definition
| Unilateral neglect;Inability to focus visual attention;Difficulties with eye-hand coordination;Impaired perception of touch;Problems with visual attention, touch perception, goal directed movements, and ability to manipulate objects |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Why was the Target Model developed? |
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Definition
| The target model has been developed to help students and practicing clinicians visualize impairment levels regarding language |
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Term
| What are the 4 domains included in the Target Model? |
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Definition
| expression (E), comprehension (C), reading (R), and writing (W) |
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Term
Normal Communication Embedded within Normal Cognitive Functions |
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Definition
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Term
Understanding the Acquired Language Target Model
KEY:
1-Normal
2-Mild-Moderate Impairment
3-Moderate-Severe Impairment
4-Severe-Profound Impairment
Line-Impaired cognitive function |
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Definition
[image]
The line through something means that the client is having trouble. On this example the patient’s expression is moderate-severe and so on |
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Term
We can assume that a person with aphasia still has all of their cognitive functions in tact.
True or False? |
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Definition
False,
A person who has aphasia has a primary disorder in the area of language, and we cannot assume their cognitive functions are intact |
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Term
Cognitive impairment and language impairment are intities that have no influence one another.
True or False? |
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Definition
False,
Cognitive impairment and language impairment are unique entities that influence one another. For example, memory impacts language and lots of people have problems with both cognitive and language issues |
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Term
| What is Cognitive Screening important to? |
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Definition
| Cognitive screening is important to language and daily functioning |
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Term
| What abilities are assessed in cognitive screening? |
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Definition
attend to tasks
use memory functions
perceive visuospatial details
engage in executive functions
…and impacts receptive and expressive language |
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Term
| Name one Cognitive Screening tool. |
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Definition
| The Cognitive Linguistic Quick Test (CLQT) |
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Term
| Why is drawing a clock a good test of cognition in a person with aphasia? |
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Definition
In order to do the task the person must:
1. Understand language to follow direction and write the numbers
Have memory to store and retrieve the time setting
2. Possess visuospatial skills to represent the clock
3. Be able to attend to the task
4. Use motor skills to execute the mental image
Have sufficient executive functions to plan the task and make necessary adjustments |
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Term
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Definition
| A task often used to assess aspects of attention. |
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Term
| What role does attention play in cognitive testing and treatment? |
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Definition
1. Attention is vital to learning and communication.
2. The patient must be able to maintain attention during treatment
3. Shift their attention as needed
4. Selectively attend to specific stimuli |
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Term
| Sample Symbol Cancellation Task |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 types of cognitive memory systems? |
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Definition
1. Episodic
2. Working
3. Semantic
4. Procedural |
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Term
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Definition
| memory of past experiences / events |
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Term
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Definition
| memory for higher order tasks that involves holding information in memory and processing it for manipulation |
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Term
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Definition
| memory for conceptual knowledge of information about the world and for facts learned |
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Term
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Definition
| Generally not considered a cognitive process. It involves memory for how to accomplish tasks that have been learned. |
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