Term
| liver and pancreas (the accesory digestive organs) |
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Definition
| what organs are embryological outgrowths of the primitive gut? |
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Term
| liver (also largest internal organ) |
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Definition
| largest gland in the body |
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Term
| right, left, quadrate, caudate |
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Definition
| what are the 4 lobes of the liver? |
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Term
1) detoxification of metabolic waste (nitrogen from deamination of amino acids converted to urea)
2) metabolism and detoxification of drugs and toxns (alcohol and antibiotics)
3) destruction of senescent RBC's (along with the spleen)
4) recycling of Hb via synthesis and secretion of bile
5) synthesis of plasma proteins
6) misc. metabloic functions such as glycogen synthesis & storage, gluconeogenesis) |
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Definition
| list the 6 major functions of the liver |
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Term
| clotting factors, albumin, lipoproteins |
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Definition
| list some of the plasma proteins synthesized in the liver |
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Term
smooth, glossy, red liver (healthy)
it was bad if there were flukes/parasites or tumors |
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Definition
| what was a good sign in ancient times when you sacrifice an animal and look at its liver? |
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Term
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Definition
| name of the connective tissue capsule covering the external surface of the liver |
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Term
monosaccharides and amino acids from digestion
also potentially toxic compounds to be conjugated or detoxified |
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Definition
| what enters the liver via the hepatic portal vein? |
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Term
| the hepatic portal vein (mostly unoxygenated blood goes to the liver) |
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Definition
| what carries 75-80% of the blood to the liver? |
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Term
the hepatic artery, which is a branch of the celiac trunk
this supplies about 25-30% of the blood to the liver and it mixes with the deoxy blood from the hepatic portal vein |
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Definition
| how does oxygenated blood reach the liver? |
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Term
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Definition
| what vessel provides venous drainage of the liver? |
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Term
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Definition
| name for a regular liver cell |
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Term
| most are diploid, but some are polyploid and or binucleate |
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Definition
| describe the nucleation/DNA distribution of hepatocytes |
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Term
| they are rough ER and lysosomal products |
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Definition
| hepatocytes contain large numbers of cytoplasmic granules which are a result of what? |
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Term
| the brown pigment from lipofuscin |
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Definition
| what do aging hepatocytes accumulate? |
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Term
| anastamosing cords paralleled by venous sinusoids |
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Definition
| how are hepatocytes arranged? |
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Term
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Definition
| name for the discontinuous endothelium with gaps between the cells called fenestrae. these cells line sinusoids |
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Term
| they keep blood in the sinusoids and prevent it from contacting the hepatocytes |
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Definition
| what is the purpose of the sinusoidal lining cells? |
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Term
| space of Disse or perisinusoidal space which is continuous with lymphatics |
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Definition
| what is the name of the space between sinusoidal lining cells and hepatocytes called? |
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Term
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Definition
| made of type 3 collagen and suports hepatic cords and sinusoids |
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Term
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Definition
| fixed macrophages scattered among endothelial cells and hepatocyes |
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Term
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Definition
| in the liver, these are fat storing cells containing lipid droplets used for Vitamin D storage |
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Term
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Definition
| cords of hepatocytes are arranged into _____ |
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Term
classic lobules are based on blood flow, hexagonal shaped, and have a central vein in the middle
hepatic lobules are based on bile flow, triangular shaped, and have the portal triad in the center |
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Definition
| what is the difference between a classic lobule and a portal lobule? |
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Term
| centrilobular vein or terminal hepatic venule |
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Definition
| another name fot the central vein in a classic lobule |
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Term
| a thin connective tissue septum |
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Definition
| what surrounds classic lobules? |
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Term
| portal artery, veins, lymph and bile duct (hepatic tetrad) |
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Definition
| what are found at the corners of a classic lobule? |
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Term
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Definition
| blood enters from portal tracts, percolates through sinusoids of a lobule, and drains via a _____ |
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Term
1) portal vein-largest, comonly has blood in it, oval shaped, thin endothelium
2) bile duct- has cuboidal endothelium arranged in a ring
3) portal artery- swirl of smooth muscle and endothelium
4) lymph vessel - usually collapsed |
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Definition
| describe each component of the hepatic triad/tetrad in order of largest to smallest structure |
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Term
| central venules are at the corners around a portal triad in the center |
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Definition
| what forms the corners of the hepatic lobules? |
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Term
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Definition
| larger and more irregular shaped, continuous with the sinusoids draining each lobule |
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Term
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Definition
| another lobule type that is a diamond shaped region between neighboring central veins |
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Term
longitudinal axis (top to bottom) = central veins
portal tracts at the sides |
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Definition
| describe the corners of an ascinus |
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Term
| different metabolic environments |
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Definition
| ascini are arranged due to blood flow, oxygenation, metabolism and pathology, what do the different zones of an ascini mean? |
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Term
| zone 1 (perilobular or periportal zone) |
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Definition
| zone of the ascini closest to the portal tract that receives the most oxygenated blood |
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Term
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Definition
| intermediate zone of an ascini |
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Term
| zone 3 or centrolobular zone |
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Definition
| zone of ascini furthest from the portal tract, closest to central vein, receives least oxygenated blood, and is therfore most susceptible to ischemic injury |
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Term
| detoxify or metabolize drugs, toxins, and metabolites (ex: ethanol, pesticides, and carcinogens) |
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Definition
| what do the microsomal mixed function oxidases of the sER and peroxidases of the peroxisomes (p450 system) do? |
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Term
toxins causing death would come from the arterial blood supply so cells in the zone closest to the portal artery would die first (zone 1, then zone 2, then zone 3)
ischemia would cause the cells to die in the reverse order: zone 3, then zone 2, then zone 1 |
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Definition
| in forensics, the order in which the zones of the acini are affected/killed tell the cause of death. which zone's cells would die first in the case of toxins? ischemia? |
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Term
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Definition
| common sequela to repeated insult or chronic desease of the liver |
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Term
1) hepatic degeneration and necrosis
2) then fibrosis and nodular regeneration
(the liver can regenerate itself) |
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Definition
| what characterizes cirrhosis? |
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Term
they accumulate toxic levels of vitamin A from consuming the seal that eats the fish, that eats the other fish that all have lots of vitamin A in their livers
(the purpose of cod liver oil way back when) |
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Definition
| why should you not eat polar bear liver? |
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Term
| sharks have to swim to breath, so in order to keep swimming they have to be more buoyant and store more fat/oil in their livers, and thus lots o Vitamin A |
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Definition
| what allows sharks to breath? what does this have to do with their liver? |
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Term
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Definition
| liver secretion that uses ducts |
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Term
| endocrine (goes straight into blood stream) |
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Definition
| liver secretion that does not use ducts |
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Term
1) synthesis of plasma proteins (fibrinogen, urea, albumin, prothrombin)
2) synthesis of glucose
3) gluconeogenesis (from non carb sources like aa's and lipids)
4) storage of glycogen, lipids, and lipoproteins
5)vitamin A storage |
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Definition
| list the 5 endocrine functions of the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the exocrine function of the liver (hint: what ducts are present in the liver?) |
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Term
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Definition
| how much bile is secreted/day by the liver? |
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Term
| hormones such as secretin, CCK, and gastrin from APUD cells |
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Definition
| what increases bile flow from the liver? |
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Term
| hepatocytes! secreted into bile cannaliculi |
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Definition
| what cells is bile synthesized by, and where is it secreted from there? |
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Term
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Definition
| small canals between hepatocytes, formed by grooves in plasmamembranes of adjacent cells |
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Term
| blood flow, biles goes into progressively larger ducts from the cannaliculi |
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Definition
| the direction of bile flow is opposite of what flow? |
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Term
bile cannaliculi b/w hepatocytes
bile ducts from portal triads -intrahepatic ducts --duodenum at major duodenal papilla (after period of storage and modification int he gallbladder) |
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Definition
| list the path of bile in the liver |
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Term
| scattered throughout the parynchema of the liver |
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Definition
| where are intrahepatic ducts? |
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Term
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Definition
| muscular sac located in depression along surface of the liver |
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Term
| 100 mL, it stores and concentrates bile |
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Definition
| what is the normal volume of the gallbladder? what is its function? |
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Term
| simple columnar epithelium with apical microvilli |
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Definition
| what -thelia lines the gall bladder? |
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Term
| used for resorption of water |
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Definition
| what is the function of the apical microvilli in the gallbladder? |
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Term
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Definition
| what layer of the gut is the gallbladder lacking? |
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Term
| tubuloalveolar mucus glands |
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Definition
| what kind of glands are found in the gallbladder? |
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Term
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Definition
| what stimulates contraction of the gallbladder? |
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Term
| water, ions, electrolytes, cholesterol + phospholipids (lecithin), biles acids/salts, & bile pigments |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| best known bile pigment, also the non-soluble breakdown product of hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| water soluble version of bilirubim conjugated with glucuronide |
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Term
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Definition
| failure to absorb bilirubin or to conjugate it and secrete glucuronide |
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Term
| gall stones, billiary calculi or cholelithiasis |
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Definition
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Term
| choledocolithiasis leads to bile stasis or jaundice if really severe |
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Definition
| what is the term for obstruction of the bile ducts, and what does it cause? |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic inflammation of the gallbladder |
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Term
| they should limit their fat intake |
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Definition
| after gallbladder surgery patients cannot concentrate bile, so how should they change their diet? |
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Term
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Definition
| highly lobulated gland with thin connective tissue capsule located in the bend of the duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the ductless endocrine pancreatic tissue called? |
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Term
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Definition
| how many islet cell types are there in the pancreas? |
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Term
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Definition
| most of the pancreas has ducts, compound tubuloalveolar serous glands called the _____ pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| densely packed serous ______ contain pyramidal secretory cells surrounding a central lumen (duct) |
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Term
| zymogen granules (inactive enzyme precursors) |
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Definition
| what do ascinar cells contain? |
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Term
| trypsinogen/protrypsin, chymotripsinogen/prochymotrypsinogen, amylase, lipase |
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Definition
| list the zymogens of the pancreas |
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Term
| intercalated ducts, bicarb and water is added to help neutralize the acid of the stomach |
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Definition
| what do the pancreatic enzymes empty into once they are secreted? what is added to them? |
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Term
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Definition
| duct cells that form the beginning of intercalated ducts |
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Term
| pancreatic duct at the major duodenal papilla |
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Definition
| pancreatic secretions enter the duodenum via the _______ |
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Term
| polypeptide hormones that are secreted by APUD cells |
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Definition
| principle regulators of the exocrine pancreas |
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Term
| gastrin, G cells of the pyloric stomach (stimulates secretion of pancreatic fluid |
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Definition
| what is the pancreas regulating hormone secreted by the stomach? what are the names of the cells that secrete it? |
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Term
secretin-from S cells, stimulates bicarb secretion by cells of intercalated ducts
CCK-secreted by I cells, stimulates acinar cells to secrete zymogens
enterokinase- converts trypsinogen to trypsin, which converts chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin (this cascade rxn prevents the pancreas from digesting itself) |
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Definition
| what are the 3 hormones that regulate the pancreas that are secreted by the duodenum? |
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Term
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Definition
| autodigestion of the pancreas brought on by alcoholism |
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Term
| can be fatal within hours |
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Definition
| when the cascade reaction breaks down there can be premture intracellular conversion of chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin. how soon is this fatal? |
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