Term
|
Definition
| exposure to some events associated with fear, helplessness, or horror |
|
|
Term
| What do traumatic experiences do to people? |
|
Definition
| reshape schema of safety + shatter assumptions of trust |
|
|
Term
| PSTD according to DSM requires... (7) |
|
Definition
1. close exposure to traumatic event
2. continue to re-experiece event
3. avoidance of reminders of trauma
4. emotional numbing
5. interpersonal problems
6. interferes with ability to function
7. symptoms for one month or more |
|
|
Term
| PTSD affects __% of population? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. sexual assault
2. accidents
3. combat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. acute
2. chronic
3. delayed onset
4. acute stress disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diagnosed 1 month after event occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
diagnosis after 3 months
associated with avoidance behaviors
comorbidity with other anxiety disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
show few symptoms after traumatic event; diagnosed 6+ months after event
develop fullblown PTSD years later |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diagnosis of PTSD immediately post-trauma |
|
|
Term
| Contributing factors for PTSD |
|
Definition
1. intensity of trauma and one's reaction to it
2. past traumatic experiences
3. uncontrollability and unpreditability: no control over situation
4. perceived life-or-death event
5. extent of social support
6. direction conditioning and observational learning |
|
|
Term
| Example of how social support can help prevent PTSD |
|
Definition
| -hurricane children were less likely to get PTSD if they had social support |
|
|
Term
| Example of how lack of social support can facilitate development of PTSD |
|
Definition
| people from Vietnam War did not have a lot of support from community when they came back to U.S. |
|
|
Term
| Why does support from loved ones help to lower risk of getting PTSD? |
|
Definition
| lowers cortisol secretion and HPA axis activity |
|
|
Term
| PTSD: what is going on physiologically? |
|
Definition
1. elevated corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF)
2. high activity in HPA axis
3. chronic arousal changes the brain functions and structure |
|
|
Term
| elevated _____ causes high activity in the HPA axis |
|
Definition
| CRF (corticotrophin releasing factor) |
|
|
Term
| When can PTSD develop without a person having a light-or-death experience? |
|
Definition
witnessing the trauma of others
ex: physician may break down while treating patients' wounds in war zone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inherit vulnerabilities, genes
stress and life circumstances activate disorder |
|
|
Term
| List: Biological causes of anxiety (6) |
|
Definition
1. depleted GABA
2. too much norepinephrine
3. epinephrine
4. low serotonin circuits
5. CRF
6. BIS |
|
|
Term
| Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF) |
|
Definition
| expression of anxiety; activates HPAC axis and makes cortisol |
|
|
Term
| Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) |
|
Definition
inhibits action
activated by brain stem and amygdala
can be adaptive or chronic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lead researchers to make inaccurate generalizations about disorder and treatment
believe that all people with criteria are the same |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of people with disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
opposite of placebo effect
people feel disappointed that they are not receiving treatment |
|
|
Term
| __________ is the opposite of the placebo effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| participants in each age group are the same age at the same time; therfore more likely to have the same cultural experiences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people have different experiences during their lives, even if they grew up during the same time period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| negative mood state characterized by bodily symptoms of physical tension and apprehension about the future |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
abrupt experience of intense fear or acute discomfort
accompanied by physical symptoms that include: heart palpitations, chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. situationally bound (cued)
2. unexpected (uncued)
3. situationally predisposed (more likely to experience attack in the same place as before) |
|
|
Term
| How does the brain stem contribute to anxiety? |
|
Definition
| it monitors and senses changes in bodily functions and relays the potential danger signals to higher cortical processes in limbic system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-originates in the brain stem
-travels through amygdala, hypothalamus, gray matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
difficulties when doing something specific in front of people
anxiety; afraid to get embarrassed
most common? public speaking |
|
|
Term
| treatment for social phobias |
|
Definition
Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy
role playing
exposure-based behavioral therapy |
|
|
Term
| treatment for social phobias: drugs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drugs for performance anxiety |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
reoccurring nightmares and memories about traumatic events
my have forgotten some of the event
numbing of emotions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diagnosed 1 month after event occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
associated with avoidance behaviors
comorbidity with other anxiety disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
show few symptoms after traumatic event
develop fullblown PTSD years later |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
catharsis (reliving traumatic event)
imaginal exposure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-reoccurring panic attacks
-depression
-generalized anxiety
-avoidance behaviors
-cannot control life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intrusive nonsensical thoughts, images, or urges that the person tries to resist/eliminate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thoughts or actions that are used to suppress the obsession and to provide relief |
|
|
Term
| List 5 of most common compulsions |
|
Definition
1. contamination
2. aggressive impulses
3. sexual content
4. somatic concerns
5. symmetry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when memories occur suddenly and victims find themselves reliving the event |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pepys was in Great Fire of London in 60s.
wrote about the traumatic event
experienced sense of detachment and numbness about event |
|
|
Term
| 2 prominent features of PTSD |
|
Definition
1. loss of sleep
2. intrusive dreams |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reliving emotional trauma to relieve emotional suffering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Catharsis
cognitive therapy
imaginal exposure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| content of trauma and emotions associated with it are worked through sstematically |
|
|
Term
| complication of PTSD therapies |
|
Definition
| trauma victims repress emotions relating to memories |
|
|
Term
| Drugs for treatment of PTSD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
generalized anxiety
panic attacks
avoidance
depression
lack of control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __% of normal college students engaged in checking behavior that could put them in the range for OCD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why do people with OCD focus their anxiety on the occasional thought rather than on the possibility of a panic attack or some other external situation? |
|
Definition
| early experiences taught them that some thoughts are dangerous and unacceptable because the terrible things they are thinking might happen and that would be unacceptable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
clients with OCD equate thoughts with the specific actions represented by the thoughts
thinking it is just as bad as doing it |
|
|
Term
| cause of "thought-action fusion" |
|
Definition
| attitudes of excessive responsibility and guilt developed during childhood when a bad thought is associated with a bad act |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exposure and ritual prevention |
|
|
Term
| exposure and ritual prevention |
|
Definition
| rituals are prevented and patient is systematically and gradually exposed to feared thoughts and situations |
|
|
Term
| what do all somatoform disorders have in common? |
|
Definition
| there is usually no indentifiable medical condition causing the physical complaints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensation that you are not really yourself. you're in a dream |
|
|
Term
| conversion hysteria: who? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-unexplained physical symptoms
conversion of unconscious conflicts to more acceptable form |
|
|
Term
| why was term "neurosis" taken out of DSM? |
|
Definition
applied that everything has a cause
too vague and can be applied to all disorders |
|
|
Term
| List: 5 somatoform disorder |
|
Definition
1. hypochondriasis
2. somatization disorder
3. conversion disorder
4. pain disorder
5. body dysmorphic disorder |
|
|
Term
| What is a somatoform disorder? |
|
Definition
| -individuals are pathologically concerned with the appearance of functioning of their bodies |
|
|
Term
| what does "hypochondria" mean in greek? |
|
Definition
below the ribs
ulcers were once considered a part of this disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
severe anxiety about getting sick
do not believe doctors |
|
|
Term
| what is the preoccupation with people with hypochondriasis? |
|
Definition
bodily symptoms
misinterpret them for disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| afraid of developing a disease |
|
|
Term
| __% of people with illness phobia may develop hypochondriasis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| differences between panic disorder and hypochondriasis |
|
Definition
patients with panic disorder are more concerned with immediate symptom-related catastrophes that may occur in several minutes
hypochondriacs focus more on long-term illness
hypochondrias are more likely to seek out answers from doctors and are more likely do demand unnecesary medical procedures
people with panic disorder may avoid emergency rooms
anxiety of individuals with panic disorder are associated with physical symptoms of panic attack |
|
|
Term
| diagnostic criteria for hypochondriasis |
|
Definition
1. preoccupation with fears of having serious disease
2. preoccuption persists despite medical reassurance
3. significant distress and impairment
4. at least 6+ months |
|
|
Term
| prevalence of hypochondriasis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
belief and panic that genitals are retracting into abdomen
chinese males
guilty about masturbation, shitty sex, or promiscuity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anxiety disorder in india
dizziness, weakness, fatigue
symptoms attributed to semen loss |
|
|
Term
| List culturally different hypochondriasis (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| contributing factors for hypochondriasis |
|
Definition
-develops in context of stressful life events
-disproportionate incidence of disease in their family
-strong memories of illness |
|
|
Term
| treatments of hypochondriasis |
|
Definition
Cognitive behavior therapy
stress management treatment |
|
|
Term
| Somatization disorder used to be called.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diagnostic criteria for somatization disorder |
|
Definition
| 1. history of physical complaints before age 30 |
|
|
Term
| difference between somatization and hypochondriasis |
|
Definition
hypochondriacs seek help instantly
somatization patients feel weak and ill all of the time and may avoid exercise |
|
|
Term
| why is it difficult to diagnose somatization disorder? |
|
Definition
| requires 8+ symptoms out of 35 |
|
|
Term
| undifferentiated somatoform disorder |
|
Definition
| somatization disorder with less than 8 symptoms |
|
|
Term
| causes of somatization disorder |
|
Definition
1. history of family illness
2. genetics; linked to antisocial personality disorder |
|
|
Term
| what personality disorder goes with somatization disorder? |
|
Definition
| antisocial personality disorder |
|
|
Term
| what does antisocial personality disorder and somatization disorder have in common? |
|
Definition
| 1. impulsiveness: sexual behavior and attention seeking + continuous development of new disorders |
|
|
Term
| treatment for somatization disorder |
|
Definition
CBT
reduce stress
antidepressants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have to do with physical malfunctioning, such as paralysis, blindness, or difficulty speaking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difficulty speaking due to conversion disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensation of lump in throat that makes it difficult to eat, talk, or swallow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (wrong) belief that conversion reactions had the same quality of indifference to symptoms thought to be present in somatization disorder |
|
|
Term
| cause of conversion disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fake symptoms to get government compensation or get out of work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
voluntarily produce physical symptoms
between malingering and conversion disorder
my be assuming sick role to get attention |
|
|
Term
| factitious disorder by proxy |
|
Definition
| making people sick so that you get pity and attention |
|
|
Term
| munchausen syndrome by proxy is also known as.. |
|
Definition
| factitious disorder by proxy |
|
|
Term
| manchausen syndrome by proxy: physical presentation of the child |
|
Definition
| misrepresentation of an illness or accident |
|
|
Term
| manchausen syndrome by proxy: obtaining diagnosis about abuse |
|
Definition
| the perpetrator usually tells doctors about abuse |
|
|
Term
| manchausen syndrome by proxy: victims |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
conversion disorder
reoccuring thoughts about her hand turning into a snake - arm paralyzed everytime thoughts occurred
paralysis extended to the rest of her body
treated with catharsis + it worked |
|
|
Term
| causes of conversion disorder according to freud |
|
Definition
1. traumatic event
2. represses conflict, making it unconscious
3. anxiety increases and threatens to emerge into consciousness and the person converts it into physical symptoms |
|
|
Term
| what is the "primary gain" or reinforcing event that maintains the conversion symptom |
|
Definition
| reduction of anxiety by converting unconscious thoughts to physical manifestations |
|
|
Term
| what is the secondary gain in conversion disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| treatment of conversion disorder |
|
Definition
catharsis
discuss the stressful event
reduce secondary gain (supportive consequences of the conversion symptoms)
CBT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pain in one or more sites in the body that is associated with distress or impairment
pain is real and it hurts but has unknown cause |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people that think they are so ugly that they wont even talk to people because they think they will get made fun of |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people that think they are so ugly that they wont even talk to people because they think they will get made fun of |
|
|
Term
| average number of body parts of concern to people with BDD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the top concerns of people with BDD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| behavior trends common with people with BDD |
|
Definition
tanning
rituals/checking themselves
skin picking
excessive grooming
become fixated with mirrors
suicide |
|
|
Term
| _% of people with BDD thought their ugliness was real |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what % of people have BDD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
SSRIs
clmipramine
fluvoxamine |
|
|
Term
| _% of people that request plastic surgery may have BDD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. depersonalization
2. derealization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
perception alters so that you temporarily lose the sense of your own reality
no longer know who you are |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sense of reality of external world is lost
things may change shape or size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. depersonalization
2. dissociative amnesi
3. dissociative fatigue
4. dissociative trance disorder |
|
|
Term
| depersonalization disorder prevalence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depersonalization disorder: cognitive deficits |
|
Definition
attention, short term memory
spatial reasoning |
|
|
Term
| brain functioning differences in people with depersonalization disorder |
|
Definition
-greatly reduced emotional responding
tendency to selectively inhibit emotional expression
deficits in perception, emotion regulation
dysregulation in HPA axis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people who are unable to remember anything, including who they are |
|
|
Term
| localized or selective amnesia |
|
Definition
more common
failure to recall specific events, usually traumatic
common during war
emotional reactions to these events during hypnosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
memory loss revolves around a specific incident
end up in places and dont know how or why they got there
take on new identity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dissociative fugue disorder
kill or hurt people/animals while in a trance
do not remember it |
|
|
Term
| dissociative trance disorder |
|
Definition
-trances are often thought to pertain to possession by spirit
commonly accepted in religious sects |
|
|
Term
| dissociative identity disorder |
|
Definition
average number of identities = 15
used to be called multiple personality disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| different identities in Dissociative trance disorder |
|
|
Term
| Diagnostic criteria for dissasociative trance disorder |
|
Definition
1. amnesia
2. dissasociation of personality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| person that becomes the patient and asks for treatment |
|
|
Term
| transition from one alter to another is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sociocognitive model of DID |
|
Definition
| alters evolve after therapists suggest that they exist |
|
|
Term
| how to spot a malinger with DID |
|
Definition
optical changes are stronger in people with DID
malingerers are determined to exhibit all of their "symptoms at once" and people with the disorder try to hide them |
|
|
Term
| comorbid psych disorders with DID |
|
Definition
substance abuse
anxiety
depression
personality disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
abuse as a child
sexual or physical abuse
trauma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people who are suggestible may be bale to use dissociation as a defense against extreme trauma |
|
|
Term
| __% of DID patients had imaginary childhood friends |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| biological contributions to DID |
|
Definition
| smaller hippocampal and amygdala volume |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of hypochondriasis (3) |
|
Definition
1. severe anxiety over physical problems that are medically undetectable
2. affects women and men equally
3. may emerge at any age |
|
|
Term
| characterization of somatization disorder |
|
Definition
1. multiple physical symptoms without a medical basis
2. runs in families
3. rare - most prevalent among women in low income families
4. onset usually in adolescence |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of conversion disorder |
|
Definition
1. severe physical dysfunctioning
2. affected people are unaware that they can function normally
3. coincides with somatization disorder sometimes
4. most prevalent in low SES groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. socially disabling preoccupation with ugliness
2. effects men and women equally
3. associated with OCD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. adopt new alters
2. avg number of alter is 15
3. childhood onset
4. primarily in western cultures |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of depersonaliztion disorder |
|
Definition
1. fears of detachment
2. feels like an outside observer of body
3. distress in functioning
4. rare |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of dissociative fugue |
|
Definition
1. memory loss + unplanned journey
2. assume new identity of confused about old identity
3. associated with intolerable situations
4. fugue states end abruptly
5. adult onset |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of dissociative amnesia |
|
Definition
1. generalized: inability to remember anything, including identity
2. localized: inability to remember specific events (traumatic)
3. adult onset |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of dissociative trance disorder |
|
Definition
1. sudden changes in personality + trance or "posession"
2. distress and impairment
3. associated with stress/trauma
4. more common in women |
|
|
