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| The idea that behavior is problematic or non-problematic depending on the environment of which it occurs |
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| Shared behavioral patterns and lifestyles that differentiate one group of people from another |
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| Abnormal behaviors that are specific to a particular location or group |
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| Behavior that is inconsistent with individual's developmental, cultural, and societal norms; creates emotional distress; or interferes with daily functioning. Distress and Dysfunction. |
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| Approach to understanding behavior that considers it from a quantitative perspective (little show, moderately shy, a lot shy), not qualitative perspective (shy or not shy) |
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| When your psychological disorder effects your daily life, i.e. job loss, limited education, etc. |
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| Idea that common symptoms of a disorder may vary depending on a person's age |
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| Why use a dimensional approach? |
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| Symptoms rarely fall in to 1 category, mostly in to more than one category. Also, difficult to determine boundary between normal feelings (sadness) and psychological feelings (depression). |
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| using a circular instrument to cut away sections of the skull- interpretation 1: release evil spirits controlling the abnormal behavior, interpretation 2: treat head wounds received in battles |
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| 13th century physician who introduced organic model of illness to explain psychological illness, provided treatment using plants & other natural substances |
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| historical figure w/ healing abilities so great he was elevated to God status- many temples in Greece opened to honor this man, one was first sanctuary for mental disorders offering biological, physical, and psychological treatments. |
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| 13th Century Mental Illnesses believed to be caused by? |
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| Imbalance of fluids such as blood (fluids called humors) or traumatic experiences. |
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| Famous Greek physician. Produced diagnostic classification system and a model to explain abnormal behavior. Abnormal behaviors resulted when environmental factors and physical factors created an imbalance of 4 bodily fluids. Identified psychological symptoms like hallucinations, delusions, melancholia, mania, hysteria. Believed hysteria was only in women w/ empty uterus's wandering around body waiting for conception: organic cure- marriage/pregnancy. Advocated removal of patients from families (institutionalization?!) |
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| "Most influential text book written" By Avicenna. Stressed beneficial effects of music on emotional disturbance |
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| Medieval Europe & Middle Ages |
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| Witchcraft and demons were responsible for everything, Church had a huge influence on this. Most people tried for witchcraft most likely had psychological disorder. Mass hysteria sweeping through large groups of people. |
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| situation in which group of people share and sometimes even act upon a belief that is not based in fact |
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| Form of mass hysteria- belief that if bitten by wolf spider, death would ensue unless you engage in joyous, frenetic dancing. |
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| Form of mass hysteria- belief that you are possessed by wolves |
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| Scientific basis for mass hysteria- Emotional Contagion |
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| automatic mimicry and synchronization of expressions, vocalizations, postures, and movements of one person by another |
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| Renaissance period- Johann Weyer- |
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| 1st physician to specialize in treatment of mental illness |
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| Refuted idea that abnormal behaviors were linked to demonic possession. Disorders could be hereditary and psychological. |
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| Turning point, Pinel and Tuke changed approach to treating mental illness. |
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| Mental illness was curable and to apply appropriate treatment physician must listen to patient and observe behavior. Advocated calm and order within asylum. Used day time activities like work/occupational therapy |
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| York retreat- housed people w/ mental illnesses, provided work and relaxation in a compassionate and religious environment. More home-like than institution, couldn't see ditch/wall for confinement. |
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| Established 32 institutions that included psychiatric treatment, research, and education. Believed correctly designed and operated asylums would allow treatment/cure. Brought plight of mentally ill to public attention. |
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| Physician at Penn. Hospital, singer of Declaration of Independence. Limited practice to mental illness, believed causes in the blood vessels of the brain (disproved). Human mind was most important area of study father of American Psychiatry. |
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| force hat Mesmer believed flowed within the body and, when impeded, resulted in disease |
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| Symptoms diminished or eliminated b/c the patient believes that a treatment is effective, not because of a specific treatment. Usually temporary. |
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| Studied the abnormal, introduced 2 diagnostic categories based on etiology (cause) and prognosis (progression/outcome. Dimentia praecox (schizophrenia),- believed came from autointoxication self poisoning of brain cells as a result of abnormal body meatbolism |
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| Hysteria caused by degenerative brain changes, Nancy school disagreed, they thought it was form of hypnosis, science concluded Nancy school was correct. Charcot eventually jumps on this bus. |
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| Hypnosis to cure hysteria, talking cure. Hypnosis allowed patients to discuss events they don't recall therefore curing them. |
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| Therapy in form of discussion of psychological distress with trained professional, leading to elimination of distressing symptoms |
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| early part dominated by two psychological models of abnormal behavior: psychoanalytic theory (Freud) and behaviorism (Pavlov and Watson and Skinner) |
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| Comprehensive theory that attempts to explain normal and abnormal behavior. Roots of abnormal behavior were established in first 5 years of life, b/c they were there so early- person wouldn't remember but the unconscious memories would exert a lifelong influence on behavior. |
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| Three aspects of psychoanalytic development |
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| structure of mind, strategies to deal with threats of stability, stages of psychosocial development for normal/abnormal behavior |
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| id- impulse of desire, ego- impulses/desire come reality, superego- imposes morality on id |
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| pretending it doesn't exist |
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| taking out impulses on less threatening target |
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| Avoiding unacceptable emotions by focusing on the intellectual aspects of an event- focusing on details rather than the sadness of situation |
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| Attributing your unacceptable impulses on someone else, lying, but accuse other person of lying |
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| supplying a plausible, but incorrect explanation for behavior rather than the real reason- "I drink 4 glasses of wine every night to lower my blood pressure" |
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| taking opposite belief because the actual one causes anxiety- overly embracing what you do not believe, pretending to love it (Overtly embracing a particular race to the extreme by someone who is racially prejudiced) |
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| Under threat, return to previous stage of development (not getting what you want- throw temper tantrum) |
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| burying unwanted thoughts out of conscious thoughts- forgetting aspects of traumatic event |
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| Acting out unacceptable impulses in a socially acceptable way- become a boxer b/c you are aggressive |
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| pushing wanted thoughts into unconscious- TRYING to forget that something causes anxiety |
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| Attempting to take back unacceptable behavior or thoughts- insult then praise. |
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| insight bringing trouble to conscious, catharsis releasing psychic energy |
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| discovered classical conditioning |
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| form of learning in which a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response |
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| animal psychologist- only appropriate objects of scientific study were observable- behaviors- NOT inner thoughts or feelings- behaviorism. |
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| theory that the only appropriate objects of scientific study are behaviors that can be observed and measured directly |
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| scientist-practicioner model |
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| approach to psychological disorders based on the concept that when providing treatment to people with psychological disorders, the psychologist relies on the findings of research and in turn, when conducting research, the psychologist investigates topics that help to guide and improve psychological care |
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| nerve cell found in brain and throughout the body |
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| chemical substance that is released in the synapse and transmits info from 1 neuron to another |
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| study of the structure and function of the nervous system and the interaction of that system and behavior |
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| process by which years of living w/ a disorder cause changes in the brain |
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| field of study that explores role of genes and environment in transmission of behavioral traits |
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| during prenatal period or shortly after birth viral infections could cause some psychological disorders |
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| psychodynamic theory that focuses on conscious motivations and healthy forms of human functioning |
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