Term
| four criteria for abnormality |
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Definition
1. Distress
2. Impairment
3. Risk
4. Behavior outside the cultural and social context of the within which it takes place |
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Term
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Definition
Biological cause: genetic and environmental influences. Inherited factors.
-Psychological: disturbances in thoughts or feelings
-Sociocultural: various circles of influences. Friends, family, institutions, policies. |
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Term
| Various methods to study disorders |
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Definition
-scientific method: progression of steps
- experimental design: manipulation of a key variable.
- correlational design: tests of relationships between variables |
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Term
| Research studies for disorders |
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Definition
| surveys, laboratories, case studies. |
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Term
| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders Axis(DSM-V) |
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Definition
Axis 1= Clinical disorders
Axis 2= personality disorders and mental retardation.
Axis 3=General medical conditions. Preexisting problems.
Axis 4= Pyschosocial and environmental problems
Axis 5= Global Assessment of Functioning. 1-100 |
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Term
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Definition
| “Rule out”. Process of systematically ruling out alternative diagnoses |
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Term
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Definition
| analysis of the client’s development and the factors that might have influenced their psychological status. |
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Term
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Definition
The clinician’s assessment of the patients degree of identification with their culture and how this may affect them.
-Culture-bond syndromes: Disorders that fit only within particular cultures. |
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Term
| Treatment sites for those with disorders |
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Definition
| psychiatric hospitals, inpatient treatment centers, outpatient treatment, clinic, office, mental health center. Halfway houses, day treatment programs, work/school |
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Term
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Definition
form in which clinician offers therapy
-Individual, group, family, milieu |
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Term
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Definition
| procedure where a clinician provides a formal evaluation of cognitive, personality, and psychosocial functioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| series of questions. Make observations and learn background that will help with diagnosis. |
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Term
| Mental status examination |
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Definition
| client’s current state of mind. Asses appearance, attitudes, behavior, mood, affect, speech, thought processes, content of thought, perception, cognition, insight and judgement. |
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Term
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Definition
| clinician records behavior in natural context like the home. |
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Term
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Definition
| client records problem behavior and where and how it occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| client keeps records of frequency of certain behaviors |
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Term
| Neuropsychological assessment |
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Definition
| process of gathering info about a brain functioning on the basis of tests. These include EEG, CT scans, MRI, fMRI, and PET. |
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Term
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Definition
| Characterized by the experience of arousal, apprehension, or feelings of dread, hypervigilance, avoidance, or phobia. |
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Term
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Definition
| frequent and recurrent panic attacks |
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Term
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Definition
| irrational fears of particular objects or situations. Must be present for at least 6 months. |
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Term
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Definition
| fear of being observed by others acting in a way that will be humiliating or embarrassing. Unrealistic fear of failure causing people to lose ability to concentrate on performance, and causing them to make mistakes. |
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Term
| Generalized anxiety disorder |
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Definition
| Does not have particular focus, people feel anxious although they cannot express why. They expect the worst to happen to them. |
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Term
| Obsessive compulsive disorder |
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Definition
-Obsession: Recurrent and persistent thought, urge or image. Causes marked anxiety and distress.
-Compulsion: The action or thought that the person uses to try and get rid of the obsession.
-Tics: pattern of abnormal motor symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| anxiety resulting from traumatic event. Lasts from 2 days to 4 weeks. |
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Term
| Post Traumatic Stress disorder |
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Definition
| anxiety disorder where someone experiences distressing symptoms for more than a month following a traumatic event. |
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Term
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Definition
| highly impulsive, lacks regret over actions. “psychopath” “sociopath”. Lacking regard for society’s moral or legal standards. Exploitation, deceit, coercion, use of dominance or intimidation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individual desires but is fearful of involvement with other people. Terrified about public embarrassment. Low self-esteem, sensitivity to criticism or rejection. |
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Term
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Definition
| pervasive pattern of poor impulse control and instability in mood, relationships, and self image. Go beyond insecure, unsure and conflicted about life goals, seek others to fill emptiness but end up driving them away and they become moody, reckless. |
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Term
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Definition
| unrealistic inflated sense of self-importance. Grandiosity, attention seeking. Little interest in others, predominance of own ego. |
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Term
| Obsessive-Compulsive Personality disorder |
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Definition
| Sense of self derived from work productivity. Relationships become secondary to work. Displays rigidity and stubbornness. |
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Term
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Definition
| person has peculiarities and eccentricities of thought and behavior. May have magical thinking and believe in psychic phenomena. |
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Term
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Definition
| attention seeking often through methods that seems ludicrous. Flirtatious or seductive, demand reassurance or praise. |
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Term
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Definition
| Extremely suspicious of others |
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Term
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Definition
| indifference to social relationships, limited emotional expression. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorders where a person’s psychological problems are translated into physical symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| person experiences a change in bodily function not due to an underlying medical condition. Transformation of psychological conflict to physical symptoms. Appears suddenly due to stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar to conversion disorder, but includes multiple, rather than one, symptom. |
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Term
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Definition
| clients experience pain to such a degree that their lives become consumed by the pursuit of relief. |
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Term
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Definition
| deliberate feigning of illness or psychological disorder for an ulterior motive |
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Term
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Definition
| where people show a pattern of falsifying symptoms. Munchausen’s syndrome. |
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Term
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Definition
| people preoccupied with the belief that part of their body is ugly. |
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Term
| Illness Anxiety Disorder (hypochondria) |
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Definition
| Preoccupied with having a serious (terminal) illness. Performs excessive health related behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| disorder in which people lose a sense of self over time, memory or reality. |
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Term
| Dissociative Identity Disorder (multiple personality disorder) |
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Definition
| formerly multiple personality disorder, in which a person develops more than one self or personality. |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to remember important personal detail and experiences. |
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Term
| Depersonalization disorder |
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Definition
| people feel that they are not real |
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Term
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Definition
| people feel as though they are living in a dream. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorder where someone has problems falling asleep or staying asleep at least 3 nights a week for 3 months. Occurs in spite of the opportunity for sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| Characterized by excessive sleepiness. Sleepiness not caused by insomnia or depression. |
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Term
| REM sleep behavior disorder |
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Definition
| Characterized by thrashing and acting out while dreaming. Danger to self and others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reoccurring awakenings from extremely frightening and disturbing well remembered dreams. Themes of threats to survival or safety, lots of distress. Occurs in REM sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sudden arousal from sleep with intense fear, rapid heart rate and breathing, screams, sweat. Does not occur in REM sleep. No recall of dream or episode later. |
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Term
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Definition
| Repeated episodes of rising from bed and walking about. Person does not remember episode. |
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Term
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Definition
| Overwhelming urge to fall asleep. The person immediately enters REM sleep and has cataplexy (loss of muscle tone) |
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Term
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Definition
| Suspension of external breathing. Nocturnal breathing disturbance (snoring or gasping). |
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Term
| Dysthmia (eeyore disorder) |
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Definition
| Chronic, persistent, low-level depression. “glum”. Has to have occurred for at least 2 years and is not major depression or mania. |
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Term
| Major Depressive Disorder |
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Definition
symptoms include disrupted sleep, perpetual sadness, guilt or worthlessness, energy loss, disrupted appetite, suicidal ideation. Not chronic! May come from a serotonin deficiency.
-Serotonin deficiency contributes to depression, treatment with SSRIs (Prozac, Zoloft) |
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Term
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Definition
Mania symptoms often without any depressive episodes. Symptoms include inflated self esteem and grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, more talkative, racing thoughts, sometime manifests itself with an increase in goal directed activity, impulsivity. Symptoms last at least ONE week.
-Excess norepinephrine (lithium decreases these) |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypomanic episode with at least one episode of major depression. Elevated mood for at least four days. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypomania with mild depressive episodes. At least two years in duration. |
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Term
| Seasonal Pattern Mood Disorder |
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Definition
| temporal relationship between the season and the onset of depressive syndrome. At least two years of this pattern. |
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Term
| Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire |
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Definition
| Low/absent desire for sex. Cannot even have thoughts or fantasies. |
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Term
| Female Sexual interest/arousal disorder |
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Definition
| lack of or significantly reduced sexual interest/arousal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ejaculation within 1 minute of penetration. Most common in young men |
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Term
| Genito-Pelvic pain/penetration disorder |
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Definition
| Pain during intercourse or in antipation. Tensing of pelvic muscles during intercourse. |
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Term
| Erectile Disorder (impotence) |
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Definition
| recurring inability to achieve or maintain penile erection until completion of sexual activity. Occurs in older men. |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to have an orgasm/have one with any pleasure. |
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Term
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Definition
| marked delay or infrequency |
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Term
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Definition
| disorders and deviations in which sexual arousal occurs almost exclusively in the context of inappropriate object or individuals. Person has recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges or behaviors involving nonhuman objects, children or non-consenting persons, the suffering of oneself or partner. |
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Term
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Definition
| “flasher” sexual gratification attained by exposing oneself to strangers |
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Term
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Definition
| Sexually aroused from nonliving, unusual objects. Causes distress or life impairment. Usually begin in adolescence |
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Term
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Definition
| sexually aroused from touching and rubbing up against a non-consenting person |
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Term
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Definition
| Sexual deviation involving attraction toward children. 13 years old or younger |
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Term
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Definition
| Sexual arousal associated with pain or humiliation. Being beaten, bound, humiliated, blindfolded. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sexual arousal associated with inflicting pain or humiliation. Bondage, dominance, restraining, rape, cutting, strangulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sexual arousal involving cross dressing. Usually heterosexual male. |
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Term
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Definition
Sexual arousal is derived from observing unsuspecting individuals
undressing or naked. “peeping Tom |
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Term
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Definition
| Sexual attraction to those who have performed atrocities |
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Term
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Definition
| Dissatisfaction with one’s own biological gender. Primary goal is to live life as the opposite sex, not to seek sexual arousal. |
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Term
| Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia |
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Definition
Active and sudden.
•Delusions, which consist of false and fixed beliefs ex. Persecution, grandeur, nihilistic.
•Hallucinations. False perceptions, they are vivid and clear and can be auditory, visual, or tactile.
•Disorganized thought and speech. Word salad.
•Disturbed behavior. Odd or disturbing body movements. |
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Term
| Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia |
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Definition
Slow and chronic
•Flat affect, blunt emotion.
•Does not initiate or maintain activities.
•Doesn’t speak a lot. |
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Term
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Definition
| bizarre delusions or auditory hallucinations. Theme of harassment or persecution. |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by motor immobility or stupor. Mutism, rigid posturing, echolalia. |
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Term
| Disorganized Schizophrenia |
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Definition
| disorganized speech, disturbed behavior, flat affect. NOT paranoid. |
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Term
| Biological Cause of Schizophrenia |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| continuous period of psychosis during which there is an episode of major depression or mania. |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by delusions, hallucination or disorganized speech. Symptoms last between 1 day and 1 month. |
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Term
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Definition
| false belief without other psychotic symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| Central characteristic is cognitive impairment resulting from brain trauma, disease, toxic substances. Features disruption in attention, memory impairment, impairment in executive function. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cloudy consciousness with disorientation, memory deficits, perceptual disturbances, language deficits. Onset is rapid and the duration is brief. Can result from brain tumors, blows to head, diseases, intoxication, withdrawal, sleep deprivation |
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Term
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Definition
| Cognitive impairment that involves progressive deficits in a person's memory and learning of new info, ability to communicate, judge, or be coordinated. Occurs with physical conditions like cardiovascular diseases, neurologically based disorders, and dysfunctions in other bodily symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| form of dementia that occurs with severe cerebral atrophy and other microscopic changes in the brain. Symptoms: vague speech, confabulation. Usually occurs in people over 85. No cure as of yet. |
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Term
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Definition
| people are unable to recall previously learned info or register new memories. |
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Term
| Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) |
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Definition
| headaches, sleep disturbances, sensitivity to light and sound, diminished performance in attention, memory, language, reaction. May also suffer from depression, outbursts, mood swings. |
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Term
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Definition
| eating things that are not edible (dirt, grass, glue). Childhood disorder. Must occur for longer than a month. |
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Term
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Definition
| regurgitating and re-swallowing food. Infants and low IQ adults |
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Term
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Definition
| Recurrent episodes of binge eating and compensatory behavior (vomiting, laxatives, fasting, excessive exercise) |
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Term
| Biological factors for eating disorders |
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Definition
| Lack of serotonin causes hunger (binging), excess serotonin causes fullness (anorexia). |
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Term
| Psychological factors for eating disorders |
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Definition
| Turmoil, dislike of self, mood disorder. Problems regulating emotions. Distract from inner pain. Family dysfunction |
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Term
| Impulse control disorders |
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Definition
| People with ICDs repeatedly engage in behaviors that are potentially harmful, cannot stop themselves, and experience a sense of desperation if they cannot carry out their impulses. Before they act they feel pressure or tension that is relieved when they carry out their act. |
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Term
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Definition
| Irresistible urge to steal. No value of object stolen, not due to some other cause. |
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Term
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Definition
| intense, overwhelming urge to gamble. Often devote entire lives and money to chasing that big win. Pattern of "chasing" losses |
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Term
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Definition
| Deliberate and purposeful fire setting, tension and arousal beforehand, relief afterwards. Fascination with fire. Not done for monetary gain, political agenda etc. Not better explained by conduct or antisocial disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| Recurrent pulling out of one's hair resulting in noticeable hair loss. Tension beforehand, relief or gratification afterwards. |
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Term
| Intermittent Explosive Disorder |
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Definition
| Episodes of failure to resist aggressive impulses that result in serious assaultive acts or destruction of property. Aggressiveness is grossly out of proportion to the event. Episodes are not because of drugs/alcohol |
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Term
| Intellectual disabilities (mental retardation) |
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Definition
-deficits in intellectual functions based on IQ tests, have hard time reasoning, problem solving, learning from experience, abstract thinking, academic learning.
-Deficits in adaptive functioning: failure to meet standars for independence. Have problems functioning in daily life activities, deficits exist across multiple enviroments.
-Causes: down's syndrome, PKU, Fetal alchohol syndrome, anoxia at birth |
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Term
| Specific learning disorder |
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Definition
| level of achievement is below that expected for age, schooling. Manifests in slow reading, poor comprehension, problems with math. |
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Term
| Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) |
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Definition
Maladaptive levels of inattention, excessive activity, and impulsiveness. Usually identified at age 3-4 (must be before 12), must be impairing at home, school, sports, friends etc, must occur for at least 6 months. Treatment with behavior therapy, medication, social skills training.
-Inattention: does not listen to others, looses assignments, poor attention to detail, careless mistakes, easily distracted.
-Hyperactivity and impulsivity: fidgeting, cannot sit still, leaves seat all the time, blurts out answers, cannot wait turn, interrupts, excessively active. |
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Term
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Definition
| Significant impairment in social interactions and communications, restricted pattern of behavior, interests, and activity. Avoids eye contact, odd facial expressions, gestures, behavior. Have trouble understanding body language. Echolalia, repetitive behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Impaired social skills and restricted behavior, but has normal cognitive and language development. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs in females and is characterized by a sudden deceleration of development. |
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Term
| Childhood Disintegrative Disorder |
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Definition
| Occurs between ages of 2-10 and is characterized by the sudden, rapid onset of autistic traits. Loss of communication, adaptive behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| pattern of violating the rights of others or societal norms, aggressive behaviors. Has to occur before age 10. Bullies, threatens, starts fights, physically cruel to animals or people, steals, destroys property, other serious violation of rules. |
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