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| A clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with present distress (e.g., a painful symptom) or disability (e.g., impairment in one or more important areas of functioning) or with a significantly increased risk of suffering, death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom. In addition, this syndrome or pattern must not be merely an expectable and culturally sanctioned response to a particular event, for example, the death of a loved one. Whatever its original cause, it must currently be considered a manfiestation of a behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunction in the individual. |
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| present at birth and is the repository of al of the energy needed to run the psyche, including the basic urges for food, water, elimination, warmth, affection, and sex. |
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| source of the id's energy |
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| the id seeks immediate gratification of its urges. when the id is not satisfied, tension is produced, and the id impels a person to eliminate this tension as quickly as possible. |
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| develops in the second 6 months of life. primarily conscious. the task of the ego is to deal with reality. it works on the reality principle instead of the pleasure principle like the id. |
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| mediates between the demands of reality and the id's demands for immediate gratification. |
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| a person's conscience. it develops throughout childhood. |
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| strategy used by the ego to protect itself from anxiety. |
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| process of pushing impulses and thoughts unacceptable to the ego into the unconscious |
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| Hypothalamus-->Corticotropin-Releasing factor-->Pituitary-->ACTH (through blood)-->Adrenal Cortex-->Secretes cortisol and other hormones which elevate blood sugar and increase the metabolic rate throughout the body |
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| refers to consistency of measurement |
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| refers to the degree to which two independent observers agree on what they have observed. e.g. two or more umpires may not agree as to whether the ball is fair or foul. |
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| measures the extent to which people being observed twice or taking the same test twice, perhaps several weeks or months apart, receive similar scores. |
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| alternate-form reliability |
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| the extent to which scores on the two forms of the test are consistent |
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| internal consistency reliability |
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| assesses whether the items on a test are related to one another. |
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| generally related to whether a measure measures what it is supposed to measure. |
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| refers to whether a measure adequately samples the domain of interest. |
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| evaluated by determining whether a measure is associated in an expected way with some other measure |
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| Jim was given an intelligence test in March and re-administered the same test one year late. His score both times was the same. This indicates that the intelligence test has: |
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| high test-rest reliability |
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| generally it is impossible for measures to be: |
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| Britney was taking a test to measure levels of depression. All of the items covered typical symptoms of depression. This inventory would be said to have: |
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| Which of the following situations is most similar to the concept of reliability in making psychiatric diagnoses? |
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| After watching a new TV show, you and a friend independently decide it was lousy. |
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| fMRI measures blood flow in the brain, called the BOLD signal, which stands for: |
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| Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent |
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| A common method assessing neurotransmitters is: |
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| chemical substances important in transferring a nerve impulse from one neuron to another, for example, serotonin and norepinephrine. |
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| disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, and adolescence. includes all diagnostic categories except the personality disorders and mental retardation |
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| mental retardation and personality disorders |
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| general medical conditions |
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| psychosocial and environmental problems |
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| Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF Scale) |
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| Jose has a major depressions and has multiple scleroris. He would be diagnosed on: |
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| Axis 1: Major depression and Axis 3: multiple sclerosis |
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| refers to the presence of a second diagnosis |
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| the subjective experience of distress in response to perceived environmental problems |
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| Computerized Axial Tomography. Helps to asses structural brain abnormalities (and is able to image other parts of the body for medical purposes). It is a 2-dimensional, detailed image of the cross secion, giving it optimal contrasts. |
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| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Superior to the CT scan because it produces pictures of higher quality and does not rely on even the small amount of radiation required by a CT scan. |
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| Functional MRI. allows researchers to measure both brain structure and brain function. |
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| Positron emission tomography. More expensive and invasive procedure. Allows measurement of both brain function and brain structure. Not as precise in measuring brain structure as MRI. |
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| a neurotransmitter of the central nervous system whose disturbances apparently figure in depression |
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| central nervous system neurotransmitter, a catecholamine that is also a precursor of norepinephrine and apparently figures in schizophrenia and parkinson's disease. |
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Collection of detailed biographical information. Excellent source of hypotheses. Can provide information about novel cases or procedures. Can disconfirm a relationship that was believed to be universal. Cannot provide causal evidence, because cannot rule out alternative hypotheses. May be biased by observers theoretical viewpoint.
CAN BE USED TO...1. provide a rich description of a clinical phenomenon. 2. To disprove an allegedly universal hypothesis. 3. To generate hypotheses that can be tested through controlled research. |
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| Study of the relationship between two or more variables; measured as they exist in nature. Widely used because we cannot manipulate many risk variables (such as personality, trauma, or genes) or diagnosis in psychopathology research. Epidemiologists often use the correlational method to study the incidence, prevalence, and risk factors of disorders in a representative sample. Behavioral genetic studies often use the correlational method to study the heritability of different mental disorders. Cannot determine causality because of the directionality and third-variable problems. |
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| Includes a manipulated independent variable, a dependent variable, preferably at least one control group, and random assignment. Most powerful method for determining causal relationships. Often used in studies of treatment effectiveness. Also used in analogue studies of the risk factors for mental illness. Single case experimental designs are also common but can have limited external validity. |
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| Apprehension over an anticipated problem. |
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| reaction to immediate danger |
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| specific phobias, social phobia, panic disorder (along with agoraphobia), generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder (along with acute stress disorder). They are the most common type of psychiatric diagnosis. 1/4 people have them. |
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| Fear of objects or situations that is out of proportion to any real danger. |
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| Fear of unfamiliar people or social scrutiny. |
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| Anxiety about recurrent panic attacks, sometimes accompanied by agoraphobia, a fear of being in places where panic attacks could occur. |
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| Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
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| Uncontrollable worry for at least 6 months. |
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| Obsessive-compulsive Disorder |
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| Obsessions, which are uncontrollable thoughts, impulses or images; or compulsions, which are repetitive behaviors or mental acts. |
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| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder |
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| Aftermath of a traumatic experience in which the person reexperiences the traumatic event, avoids stimuli associated with the event, and experiences increased arousal. |
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| Symptoms are similar to those of ptsd but occur for less than 4 weeks after the traumatic event. |
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| a sudden attack of intense apprehension, terror, and feelings of impending doom, accompanied by at least four other symptoms such as labored breathing, heart palpitations, nausea, upset stomach, chest pain, dizziness, sweating, hot flashes, etc. Also could include depersonalization ( a feeling of being outside one's body) or derealization (a feeling of the world's not being real). |
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| Difference between ptsd and adjustment disorder... |
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| Adjustment takes place after a change (sudden) in someone's life while ptsd occurs after a traumatic. event. |
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| Medications that reduce anxiety |
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| Anxiolytics such as benzodiazepines (Valium and Xanax) and antidepressants (including tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors). |
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| Single-case design known as reversal design or ABAB design... |
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An initial time period, the baseline (A)
A period when a treatment is introduced (B)
A reinstatement of the conditions of the baseline period (A)
A reintroduction of the treament (B) |
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| dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disorder), and depersonalization disorder. all share disassociation which results in some aspects of cognition or experience being inaccessible consciously. |
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| Memory loss, typically of a stressful experience. The inability to recall important personal information, usually information about some traumatic experience. |
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| Explicit and Implicit Memory |
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| Explicit involves the conscious recall of experiences (describing a bike from childhood) while implicit underlies behaviors based on experiences that are not consciously recalled (knowing how to ride a bike). |
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| person not only becomes amnesic, but suddenly leaves home and work and assumes a new identity. |
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| Depersonalization Disorder |
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| the person's perception or experience of the self is disconcertingly and disruptively altered. It involves no disturbance of memory (unlike the rest of the dissociative disorders). Usually stress related. |
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| requires at least 2 separate personalities (alters). at least two of the alters recurrently take control of behavior. inability of at least one of the alters to recall important personal information. |
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| psychological problems that take a physical form...that is, the person experiences bodily symptoms that have no known physical cause. |
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| Pain that is brought on and maintained to a significant extent by psychological factors. pain is sever enough to warrant clinical attention. psychological factors are thought to be important to the onset, severity, or maintenance of pain. the pain is not intentionally produced or fake and is not explained by another psychological condition. |
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| preoccupation with imagined or exaggerated defects in physical appearance and is not explained by another psychological disorder |
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| preoccupation with fears of having a serious illness. continues in spite of medical reassurance. not explained by a delusional disorder or body dysmorphic disorder. symptoms last at least 6 months. |
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| recurrent, multiple physical complaints that have no biological basis. history of seeking treatment for many physical complaints beginning before the age of 30 and lasting for several years. at least four pain symptoms, one sexual symptom, and one pseudoneurological symptom (e.g. unexplained paralysis). symptoms not due to medical condition or are excessive given the person's medical condition. do not appear to be faked. |
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| sensory or motor symptoms without any physiological cause. related to stress or conflict. not intentionally produced and cannot be explained by a medical condition. causes significant distress or functional impairment or warrant medical evaluation. |
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| physical incapacity faked to avoid responsibility |
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| intentionally produced symptoms |
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