Term
| Will bone/metal and air appear white or dark on a non-inverted fluoroscopic image? |
|
Definition
| bone/metal=very dark. air=white |
|
|
Term
| What are echogenic/hyperechoic areas and what are some examples? |
|
Definition
| on US, these are bright areas. Air tissue (not so useful in lung or air-filled bowel) and bone-soft tissue |
|
|
Term
| What are hypoechoic areas and what are some examples? |
|
Definition
| dark areas: fluid filled, urinary blader, cysts, blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| What is a plain frontal supine radiograph of the abdomen spanning from the diaphragm to the pubic symphysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When can air under the diaphragm be assessed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When can GI air/water levels assess obstruction from ileus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is KUB used to assess organ structure of KUB? |
|
Definition
| no. used to examine pathologies of organs. to assess those structures via radiograph then an IVP or more correct an IV urogram |
|
|
Term
| What can be used to view hydronephrosis and dilated calyx of the kidney? |
|
Definition
| ivu (blunted calices seen in ivu). ivp is inaccurate b/c pyelogram means study of the renal pelvis |
|
|
Term
| For what use is IVP reserved? |
|
Definition
| retrograde study only of the renal pelvis |
|
|
Term
| What might be used to view the following: gall and kidney stones. bowel obstruction. constipation. verify position of indwelling catheters (ie ureteric stents/ng tubes) scout film prior to performing barium enema? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What view might be used for the following purposes: free intraperitoneal gas. acute abdomen. if pt cannot stand or sit it is substitute for erect chest or abdomen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What view might be used for the following purposes: pneumoperitoneum. small bowel obstruction. air/fluid levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What might the following cause: adhesions. neoplasms. hernias. crohns? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What chest view is good for seeing free air? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ab view is good for ab detail: organs, bones, calcifications, fat and gas details? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is helpful for remembering what to look for at acute ab film? |
|
Definition
| organs bones and stone, masses, fat and gases |
|
|
Term
| What 3 views are included in acute ab series? |
|
Definition
| upright chest and ab and ap supine |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common mechanical obstruction of the colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 views for an acute ab series in which the pt cannot sit or stand? |
|
Definition
| supine chest and ab and lld |
|
|
Term
| What should be ordered for calculus or ab foreign body? |
|
Definition
| ap supine ab. single view is ok (radiograph) |
|
|
Term
| When are ct and us performed for acute ab? |
|
Definition
| if indicated, are usually performed following plain films |
|
|
Term
| What might be ordered to visualize the following abnormalies: acute appendicitis, diverticulitis, perf peptic ulcer, incarcerated hernia, post-op adhesions, intussusception, malrotation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be used to view the following: sma/ima arterial thrombois or embolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be used to view the following: in peds- malrotation, duodenal atresia, omphalocele, diaphragmatic hernia, TRAUMA>ABUSE->duodenal hematoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be used to view the following: trauma or hx/evidence consistent w/causing traumatic abdominal injury, splenic rupture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a structural or functional abnormality that disrupts the flow of urine from the renal tubule to the urethra? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can occur involving the ureteropelvic jct and the posterior urethral valve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of obstructive uropathy in young men? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of obstructive uropathy in women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of obstructive uropathy in the elderly? |
|
Definition
| tumor- prostatic for men, ovarian for woman |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common complication of obstructive uropathy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What noninvasive method can show dilation of the ureters or renal collecting sysem in obstructiver uropathy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can ID the presence and location of an obstructive uropathy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the procedure of choice in acute obstruction from renal calculi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is also very good in determining renal pelvic cysts v. hydronephrosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is excellent for urinary tract dilation and useful in ID lesions outside the collecting system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is needed for ct studies of obstructive uropathy that might present a problem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the specificity and sensitivity of a KUB in ID renal calculi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is diagnostic imaging used for renal calculi? |
|
Definition
| 1. to confirm dx of 1st time episodes of ureterolithiasis, 2. when dx is unclear, or 3. when associated w/uti |
|
|
Term
| What is the test of choice in dx of calculi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 contrast materials? |
|
Definition
| 1. iodinated contrast media. 2. barium (doesn't dissolve lungs, causes peritonitis), 3. gastrograffin (doesn't cause peritonitis) |
|
|
Term
| Why might you give a pt who is going to have imaging done prednisone, benadryl, or solu-medrol and benadryl? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of adverse rxns caused by contrast media? |
|
Definition
| idiosyncratic and non-idiosyncratic |
|
|
Term
| What adverse rxn to contrast media begins 20 min after administration and is not dose dependant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What adverse rxn to contrast media involves mild symptoms including urticaria, pruritis, rhinorrhea, nausea, retching or emesis, diaphoresis, coughing, and dizziness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What adverse rxn to contrast media involves moderate sx including persistent emesis, diffuse urticaria, ha, facial edema, laryngeal edema, dyspnea, palpitations, tachycardia or bradycardia, htn, and ab cramping? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What adverse rxn to contrast media involves severe sx including life-threatening arrhythmias, hypotension, bronchospasm, laryngeal edema, seizures, syncope, and death? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What adverse rxn to contrast media involves bradycardia, hypotension, vasovagal rxns, neuropathy, extravasation, and delayed rxns? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What adverse rxn to contrast media involves sensations of warmth, metallic taste in mouth, n/v? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is live x-ray that provides real time images to study the body sx of interest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What imaging technique is used to study skeletal, digestive, urinary, respiratory and reproductive systems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does a double contrast gi involve the addition of carbonate or bicarbonate? |
|
Definition
| bicarbonate, not carbonate |
|
|
Term
| When administering a double contrast gi, what follows bicarbonate (not carbonate)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the order for administering double contrast enema? |
|
Definition
| first enema, then drain, then inflate w/air |
|
|
Term
| What contrast media allows for superior coating of the mucosal surfaces in an upper gi, is used in ages 14 and up, and allows clear visualization of pathologies, ie- gastric ulcers or carcinoma? |
|
Definition
| bicarbonate (not carbonate) |
|
|
Term
| Is a UGI used to look for reflux? Is it used to confirm anatomy? |
|
Definition
| it is important to note that an ugi is *NOT* used to look for reflux but rather to confirm nml anatomy |
|
|
Term
| How do most infants confir med in ugi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can infants have reflux and not spit-up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can present w/cough, asthma, breathing issues, pna? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Preparation for what may include altering diet to low fiber before test, and note eating anything for 6-12 hrs before test, 2-4 hrs in peds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a pt cannot/will not swallow (often happens in peds) how do you administer contrast media? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The following are limitations for what test: pt has severe vomiting or eats w/o telling you or if barium leaks into peritoneum (via perf ulcer) severe peritonitis can occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With what test can small details be missed like subtle inflammation or ulcers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What test is lmt b/c it does not test for helicobacter pylori infection (ie stomach ulcers)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What test is lmt b/c no bx can be done? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How prevalent is UGI/sb at chkd? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is ugi/sb ordered in peds at chkd? |
|
Definition
| rule out sm bowel obstruction, ftt, or crohns dx or follow-up |
|
|
Term
| What is done before ugi/sb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a dx tool used to id pathologies of the colon that uses contrast to fill entire colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the prep for contrast enema? |
|
Definition
| same as ugi/sb protocol for peds and the same as the colonoscopy protocol for adults |
|
|
Term
| What might be used for the following purposes: screen for colon polyps/CA, id inflammation-uc/crohn's, r/o strictures or diverticulum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can help correct ileocolic intussusception, usually done w/air or diluted gstrograffin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should be done as an evaluation for unexplained weight loss or abnormal bowel habits? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can skew results of contrast enema if looking for hirschsprung's? |
|
Definition
| enema use 24 hrs prior to exam |
|
|
Term
| When might polyps not be visualized in contrast enema? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What involves denervation of distal coon causing narrowing and spasm w/innervated more proximal colon dilated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In hirschsprung's, what is the rect-sigmoid ratio on contrast enema? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the ultimate dx of hirschsprung's made? |
|
Definition
| ultimate dx made via bx- show lack of enteric ganglion cells |
|
|
Term
| What is excellent for seeing issues not visualized on other studies such as ulcers, tumors, esophageal erosions, eosinophilic esophagitis, gastritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can detect gi bleeding, detect cause of malabsorption, or confirm any problems seen on radiography or fluoroscopically? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be used to find the cause of the following sx: ab pain, anemia, hematochezia, change in bowel habits, colon ca screening, unexplained weight loss? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Preparation for what test includes taking abx if indicated (ie artificial heart valve)? also, this prep is the same for adults prior to contrast enema. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What test involves sedation (pts shouldn't drive)? How must pts prepare? |
|
Definition
| colonoscopy. elimination of solid foods a few days before exam and take laxatives. enemas may be performed prior to exam. |
|
|
Term
| What can be used to tx bleeding diverticulum, remove and bx polyps (ruling in or out malignancy), and dilate strictures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What uses MRI to take 2 or 3 dimensional images of the interior lining of the colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is used as a pre-screening tool for colon or rectal ca, to monitor growth of polyps, to screen for recurrence of colorectal ca, and f/u after abnormal contrast enema? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be used for appendicitis, diverticulitis, msmt of stones (gu), staging of gi/gu neoplasms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be used to id liver lesions, pancreatitis v. carcinoma, ab blunt trauma, sbo, vascular edge: renal, sma, celiac? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the bowel wall better visualized in ab ct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are solid organs best visualized w/ab ct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What allows for direct visualization of the bowel wall and structures near the bowel wall in diverticulitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is useful for inflammatory bowel disease and appendicitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what population is intussusception commonly seen w/ no cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is intussusception commonly seen in adults? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is used for active bleeding, cysts, abscesses, infection, tumors, lymph nodes, aneurysm, and foreign objects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a fast procedure involving a vascular element that can accurately measure structures, is easier to distinguish fat v. water v. blood, involves high s/s for calcifications and can be 3d? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is expensive, can involve contrast rxns, and involves high amt of xrt to pts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What provides a non-invasive means for traumatized pts to determine who can be managed conservatively or who needs surgery, angiography, etc? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a traumatic ab injury, what organ is most affected? what others are affected? |
|
Definition
| most affected ->least: spleen, liver, kidney, and urinary bladder |
|
|
Term
| What can be used for pts w/jaundice, to keep track of fetus during pregnancy, access liver or kidney cysts, appendicitis, vascular thrombosis, assessing gyn issues (ectopic, ovarian torsion)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What takes little time to do, is a mobile exam, least expensive, involves no radiation, and can involve motion or doppler? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is dependant on skill of operator, lmt in air distended pts as air interferes w/devise, and has a lmt range in obese pts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is good for staging uterine and ovarian ca, mrcp, staging prostate ca, fetal issues, vascular: renal, sma, celiac? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What involves no xrt, high visibility of tisues, vascular aspect even w/o contrst, 2d or 3d displays, and intestinal blood flow msmts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What involves a long time for result, is very expensive, has access issues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What involves combination of cholesterol and bile forming stones in gall bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs when bile cannot pass via the common bile/cystic bile duct due to stone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pt c/o of ruq pain, fever, chills, jaundice, pain after eating at wendy's. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pt is female, fat, forty, fertile |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should you order in pts w/cholelithiasis? |
|
Definition
| kub to visualize calcified stones, ab us for pregnant women |
|
|
Term
| cholelithiasis increases chance of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the bread and butter for surgery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 4 imaging modalities useful for diffuse hepatocellular disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What might you order to help evaluate lesions and surrounding organs w/diffuse hepatocellular disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be helpful w/diffuse hepatocellular disease except in fatty liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most sensitive in detecting diffuse diseases of liver, hemochromatosis and cirrhosis in w/diffuse hepatocellular disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What helps w/detecting collateral formation in cirrhosis w/diffuse hepatocellular disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 5 imaging modalities useful w/focal hepatic disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be helpful in exploring for localized lesions except in obese pts or when air is present w/focal hepatic disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is valuable as air and bone do not interfere w/results and is sensitive to disease w/focal hepatic disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is very effective in depicting vessels w/focal hepatic disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is helpful in determining a lesion to be a cavernous hemangioma w/focal hepatic disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is effective in characterizing focal lesions of all types w/focal hepatic disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the only modality accepted when analyzing ab trauma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a good 2nd choice if ct is not available in detecting acute hemorrhage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What helps embolize bleeding aa in the liver to spleen if surgery is not possible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is accurate in determining trauma related issues of the liver biliary system or pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What involves visualization of gallstones which is the most common cause of cholecystitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of cholecystitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What shows gallstones as dense well-defined structures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is useful in detecting calculi of the gallbladder and biliary tree? |
|
Definition
| mrcp (Magnetic Resonance Cholangio Pancreatography) |
|
|
Term
| What depict acute cholecystitis as an absence of allbladder filling? To what is this due? |
|
Definition
| hepatobiliary nm hida scans (Hepatic 2,6-Dimethyl-Iminodiacetic Acid). due to inflammation of cystic duct all causing obstruction |
|
|
Term
| What is caused by etoh- abuse, trauma, cholelithiasis, peptic ulcer, hypercalcemia, and infection? |
|
Definition
| pancreatitis ( diuretics)) |
|
|
Term
| What is the first choice for pancreatic inflammation v. neoplasm? What could disrupt images? How do you confirm lesion? |
|
Definition
| us. however, if ileus is present, air will disrupt images, also, if lesion is present, then ct will confirm |
|
|
Term
| What can help w/pancreasic and biliary duct evaluation in pancratic inflamation v. neoplasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following tests would you order for dysphagia: endoscopy, ugi, ugi/sb, be, colonoscopy, us, mri, ct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following would you order for esophageal stricture: endoscopy, ugi, ugi/sb, be, colonoscopy, us, mri, ct? |
|
Definition
| contrast swallow: barium or gastrograffin, ugi |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following would you order for hiatal hernia: endoscopy, ugi, ugi/sb, be, colonoscopy, us, mri, ct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following tests should you order for gstric or duodenal ulcer: endoscopy, ugi, ugi/sb, be, colonoscopy, us, mri, ct? |
|
Definition
| ugi- difficult to detect at the lower thresholds, endoscopy- gives clear visualization |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following tests should you order for crohn's disease: endoscopy, ugi, ugi/sb, be, colonoscopy, us, mri, ct? |
|
Definition
| ugi/sb, endoscopy, colonoscopy, ct |
|
|
Term
| What should you order for ulcerative colitis? |
|
Definition
| plain supine ab film may show colonic dilation in severe cases -> toxic megacolon. be- can be done in mild cases; however, may ppt toxic megacolon. colonoscopy- confirms uc via bx. helical ct. |
|
|
Term
| Why might you order plain supine film for ulcerative colitis? |
|
Definition
| may show colonic dilation in severe cases -> toxic megacolon |
|
|
Term
| When can you order be for ulcerative colitis? |
|
Definition
| in mild cases, however, may ppt toxic megacolon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following tests should you order for colon polyps/neoplasm: endoscopy, ugi, ugi/sb, be, colonoscopy, us, mri, ct? |
|
Definition
| be, colonoscopy, ct for staging |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following tests should you order for sigmoid volvulus: endoscopy, ugi, ugi/sb, be, colonoscopy, us, mri, ct? |
|
Definition
| plain supine ab film and upright, be shows "bird beaking" of stenosis, ct |
|
|
Term
| Pt presents w/mother to pediatric ed ashen w/h/o billous emesis, feeding difficulty, and ab pain x 1 week. upon exam you notice several areas over the rib cage that are tender to touch in addition to midline epigastric tenderness. all of your blood chemistry is nml except an elevated amylase. What imaging study should you order 1st? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be tx conservatively w/ng decompression and tpn, w/somatostatin in severe cases? |
|
Definition
| intramural duodenal hematoma. hematoma is followed w/us. on day2, the ng can be closed and duodenal transit can be tested. usually hematoma is resolved in 2 weeks, if not sx is recommended |
|
|
Term
| 38yo f w/severe epigastric pain (radiating to her back) and loose, foul smelling yellow-green stools. serum amylase and lipae are elevated. What imaging do you order? |
|
Definition
| ab us shows pancreatic head enlargement |
|
|
Term
| What involves a pancreas decreased in size secondary to fibrosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What involves increased echogenicity b/c of fatty infiltrates, nad calcifications and ductal dilation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 18yo anxious f has been intensely studying for her exams past 2 weeks now presents to the ed w/rlq pain diarrhea, fever and 20lb weight loss past mo. increased wbc and elevated esr. stool - for blood. What imaging do you order? |
|
Definition
| ugi/sb shows narrowing at ti |
|
|
Term
| 3 wk f arrives w/mother at pediatric practice w/h/o spitting up, stops breathing, turns blue. baby progressing in all other milestones, but barely maintaining weight. mother anxious and says sx center around feeding. |
|
Definition
| pt had nasopharyngeal reflux and episode of reflux past thoracic esophagus into nasopharyngeal region. infants are obligate nose breathers up to 6 mos. otherwise, nml anatomy, no aspiration, pyloric stenosis, or malrotation |
|
|
