Term
| What is the name of the superficial fatty layer of superficial fascia in the anterior abdominal wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the deep membranous layer of superficial fascia in the anterior abdominal wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Scarpa fascia fuses with what other structures? |
|
Definition
| Superficial fascia of the penis, dartos layer of scrotum, superficial perineal fascia, fascia lata of the thigh, fundiform ligament of penis |
|
|
Term
| What joins the deep and suprficial inguinal rings above the medial half of the inguinal ligament? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What passes through the inguinal canal? |
|
Definition
| Spermatic cord in males, roujnd ligament of the uters in females |
|
|
Term
| What can predispose males to an indirect inguinal hernia? |
|
Definition
| Persistent processus vaginalis |
|
|
Term
| What can predispose femeals to indirect inguinal hernias? |
|
Definition
| Persistent vaginalis knwon as canal of Nuck |
|
|
Term
| The inguinal ligament, rectus abdominis, and inferior epigastric vein are the boundaries of what structure? |
|
Definition
| Inguinal (Hesselbach) triangle |
|
|
Term
| What kind of hernia passes through the inguinal triangle as it exits the abdominal cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three superior abdominal regions above the transpyloric plane? |
|
Definition
| 2 Hypochondriac regions, Epigastric region |
|
|
Term
| What are the three abdominal regions inferior to the transpyloric plane and superior to the intertubercular plane? |
|
Definition
| 2 Lateral regions, Umbilical region |
|
|
Term
| What are the three abdominal regions inferiro to the intertubercular plane? |
|
Definition
| 2 Inguinal regions, Hypogastric region |
|
|
Term
| Describe the aponeuroses of abdominal muscles above the arcuate line |
|
Definition
| Internal oblique splits to form anterior and posterior layers of rectus sheath, external oblique joints anterior layer of sheath, transverus abdominis joins posterior layer |
|
|
Term
| Describe the aponeuroses of abdominal muscles inferior to the arcuate line |
|
Definition
| All aponeuroses pass completely anterior to rectus abdominis and fuce together, rectus abdominis lies on the transversalis fascia |
|
|
Term
| What is the line midway between the umbilicus and pubic crest known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does an indirect inguinal hernia leave the abdominal cavity? |
|
Definition
| Through the inguinal canal lateral to the inferior epigastric to descend into the scrotum or labium majus |
|
|
Term
| What forms the superficial ring? |
|
Definition
| Aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique |
|
|
Term
| What forms the deep inguinal ring? |
|
Definition
| Oval defect in transversalis fascia |
|
|
Term
| What forms the inguinal ligament? |
|
Definition
| Lower border of external oblique aponeurosis |
|
|
Term
| What forms the lacunar ligament? |
|
Definition
| Medial portion of inguinal ligament |
|
|
Term
| What forms the conjoint tendon? |
|
Definition
| Aponeuroses of transversus abdominis and internal abdominal oblique muscles |
|
|
Term
| What forms the pectineal ligament? |
|
Definition
| Derived from the lacunar ligament |
|
|
Term
| What forms the iliopubic tract? |
|
Definition
| Thickened inferior margin of transversalis fascia |
|
|
Term
| What nerve passes through the spermaitc cord? |
|
Definition
| Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve |
|
|
Term
| The genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve innervates what structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What supplies the superior epigastric artery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What supplies the inferior epigastric artery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The superior and inferior epigastric veins form collateral venous drainage connecting what structures? |
|
Definition
| Brachiocephalic vein/superior vena cava to external iliac vein/inferiro vena cava |
|
|
Term
| The posterior intercostal veins, subcostal vein, and lumbar segmental veins provide collateral drainage between what structures? |
|
Definition
| Azygos system of veins (superior vena cava) to inferior epigastric vein (inferior vena cava) |
|
|
Term
| What connects the lateral thoracic vein to the superficial epigastric vein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the roots of the nerves of the anterior abdominal wall? |
|
Definition
| Anterior rami of spinal nerves T7-L1 |
|
|
Term
| The serous sac lining the abdominopelvic cavity that forms the covering layer for viscera, invaginating it from behind, is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lines walls of the abdominopelvic cavity and the inferior surface of the respiratory diaphragm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the embryologic origin of the greater omentum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the greater omentum? |
|
Definition
| Can prevent spread of infection by adhering to and localizing areas of inflammation |
|
|
Term
| What is contained in the gastrosplenic ligament? |
|
Definition
| Short gastric arteries and veins |
|
|
Term
| What is contained in the gastrocolic ligament? |
|
Definition
| Gastro-omental (gastroepiploic) vessels |
|
|
Term
| What is contained in the splenorenal ligament? |
|
Definition
| Tail of pancreas and splenic vessels |
|
|
Term
| What structures are embryologically originate from the septum transversum? |
|
Definition
| Lesser omentum and falciform ligament |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the lesser omentum? |
|
Definition
| Serves as ventral mesentary of stomach and anterior wall of lesser sac |
|
|
Term
| What is contained within the hepatogastric ligament? |
|
Definition
| Right and left gastric vessels along lesser curvature |
|
|
Term
| What is contained within the hepatoduodenal ligament? |
|
Definition
| Common bilde duct, proper hepatic artery, and portal vein |
|
|
Term
| What is contained within the falciform ligament? |
|
Definition
| Free edge contains ligamentum teres hepatis, remnant of the left umbilical vein of fetus |
|
|
Term
| What covers abdominal organs that have invaginated peritoneal sacs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An organ that invaginates the periotneal sac and receives a coat of visceral peritoneum would be described as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An organ that lies within the abdominal cavity behind posterior parietal peritoneum that have never been intraperitoneal during development would be considered what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| And organe that developed intraperitoneally but fused secondarily with the posterior body wall would be considered what? |
|
Definition
| Secondarily retroperitoneal |
|
|
Term
| Which organs are intraperitoneal? |
|
Definition
| Duodenal cap, liver, gallbladder, tail of pancreas, stomach, spleen, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, trasnverse colon, sigmoid colon |
|
|
Term
| Which organs are retroperitoneal? |
|
Definition
| Kidneys, ureters, suprarenal glands, abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava |
|
|
Term
| Which organs are secondarily retroperitoneal? |
|
Definition
| Duodenum (excluding cap), ascending and descending colon, rectum, head, neck, and body of pancreas |
|
|
Term
| Excess fluid in the peritoneal cavity is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the recesses within the greater sac? |
|
Definition
| Subphrenic recess, hepatorenal recess, and paracolic gutters |
|
|
Term
| Where is the subphrenic recess located? |
|
Definition
| Between liver and inferior surface of diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| What is significant about the hepatorenal recess? |
|
Definition
| Lowest point of peritoneal cavity when supine |
|
|
Term
| What is significant about the paracolic gutters? |
|
Definition
| Lies lateral to ascending and descending colon, extends over pelviv prim and into the pelvis, can be a path for infection and cancer |
|
|
Term
| Where is the lesser peritoneal sac (omental bursa) located? |
|
Definition
| Posterior to stomach, liver, and lesser omentum |
|
|
Term
| What is significant about the omental foramen? |
|
Definition
| Only communication between greater and lesser sacs, may be a sight of internal hernia |
|
|
Term
| How are internal hernias into the omental foramen treated? |
|
Definition
| Boundaries cannot be incised, swollen intestines may have to be decompressed with a needle for extraction |
|
|
Term
| What are the divisions of the pylorus? |
|
Definition
| Proximal pyloric antrum and distal pyloric canal |
|
|
Term
| What controls the pyloric sphincter and gastric emptying? |
|
Definition
| Vagal parasympathetic control |
|
|
Term
| Gastric ulcers have been linked to what factors? |
|
Definition
| Chronic use of NSAIDs, cigarette smoke, Helicobacter pylori bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Why do gastric ulcers have a higher mortality rate vs. peptic ulcers? |
|
Definition
| Posterior erosion can cause fatal hemorrhage from the splenic artery |
|
|
Term
| Portal hypertension can lead to what other dysfunction? |
|
Definition
| Left gastric vein anastomoses with tributaries of the azygos vein and can become grossly enlarged as esophageal varices, threatening the risk of fatal hemorrhaging |
|
|
Term
| Lymph drains from the stomach to where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The caudal foregut is supplied blood by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The caudal forgeut consists of what structures? |
|
Definition
| Liver, pancreas, stomach, duodenum up to half of second part |
|
|
Term
| What supplies blood to the midgut? |
|
Definition
| Superior mesenteric artery |
|
|
Term
| The midgut is composed of what structures? |
|
Definition
| Second part of duodenum to the transverse colon |
|
|
Term
| What supplies blood to the hindgut? |
|
Definition
| Inferior mesenteric artery |
|
|
Term
| The hindgut consists of what structures? |
|
Definition
| Descending colon to upper anal canal |
|
|
Term
| What receives the termination of the bile duct and man pancreatic duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The bile duct and main pancreatic duct joint to form what? |
|
Definition
| Hepatopancreatic ampulla opening at the major duodenal papilla |
|
|
Term
| What receives the accessory pancreatic duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The superior mesenteric artery crosses what part of the duodenum? |
|
Definition
| Horizontal/transverse part |
|
|
Term
| Where does the suspensory muscle of the duodenum (ligament of Treitz) attach? |
|
Definition
| Ascending duodenum at the duodenojejunal flexure |
|
|
Term
| The duodenojejunal flexure acts as what clinically important landmark? |
|
Definition
| Transition between upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding |
|
|
Term
| What supplies venous drainage of the small intestines? |
|
Definition
| Superior mesenteric vein which helps form the portal vein |
|
|
Term
| What are the defining characteristics of the large intestine? |
|
Definition
| Taniae coli, haustra, and omental (epiploic) appendices |
|
|
Term
| Where is the appendix locted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How dows the ileocecal valve prevent reflux into the ileum? |
|
Definition
| It can't because it's a sucky valve (not literally) |
|
|
Term
| What suspends the appendix? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are the vessels supplying the jejunum and ileum different? |
|
Definition
| Fewer arcades, longer vasa recta, fewer anastomoses in jejunum vs. ileum |
|
|
Term
| What is volvulus and where is it frequently seen?? |
|
Definition
| Bowel obstruction due to looping or twisting, occurs frequently in the sigmoid colon |
|
|
Term
| Foregut derivatives are supplied by what visceral afferent pathway? |
|
Definition
| Greater splanchnic nerves T5-9 |
|
|
Term
| Midgut derivatives are supplied by what visceral afferent pathway? |
|
Definition
| Greater and lesser splanchnic nerves T8-11 |
|
|
Term
| Hindgut derivatives are supplied by what visceral afferent pathway? |
|
Definition
| Least and lumbar splanchnic nerves T12-L2 |
|
|
Term
| The foregut can refer pain to what? |
|
Definition
| Epigastric region and T5-9 dematomes of the back |
|
|
Term
| The midgut can refer pain to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hindgut can refer pain to what? |
|
Definition
| Hypogastric region, inguinal region, flanks |
|
|
Term
| Cystic duct obstruction is most commonly due to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gallstone obstruction of the ileocecal valve |
|
|
Term
| Lynphatic drainage of the liver, biliary system, pancreas, and spleen is to where? |
|
Definition
| Celiac nodes to intestinal lymph trunk that ends cisterna chyli |
|
|
Term
| The vagus nerve supplies parasympathetic innervation to the GI as far as what structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the vagus nerve enter the abdomen? |
|
Definition
| On esophagus as anterior and posterior vagal trunks |
|
|
Term
| The pelvic splanchnic nerve supplies parasympathetic innervation to what parts of the GI? |
|
Definition
| From left colic flexure onwards |
|
|
Term
| What are the roots of the thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes up the thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves? |
|
Definition
| Preganglionic sympathetic fibers that synapse in abdominal prevertebral ganglia, visceral afferent fibers with cell bodies in the posterior root ganglia |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the greater splanchnic nerve? |
|
Definition
| T5-9 sympathetic ganglia to the celiac ganglion |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the lesser splanchnic nerve? |
|
Definition
| T10-11 sympathetic ganglia up to superior mesenteric ganglion or aorticorenal ganglion |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the least splanchnic nerve? |
|
Definition
| T12 sympathetic ganglion to the aorticorenal ganglion |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the lumbar splanchnic nerve? |
|
Definition
| L1-2 sympathetic ganglia to the superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia |
|
|
