Term
|
Definition
enduring pattner of atypical behavior or experience in two or more areas
-cognition
-affectivity
-interpersonal functioning
-impulse control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-inflexible and pervasive across situations
-clinical significant distress or impairment
-stable pattern of long duration going back to adolescence or early adulthood
-not a consequence of another mental disorder
-not a result of substances about or medical problem |
|
|
Term
| coded on axis II in dsm-iv (along with mental retardation) |
|
Definition
why a seperate dsm-iv axis?
-viewed like personality is viewed
>>"personality is the complex organization of cognitions, affects, and behaviors that gives direction and patern (coherence) to the person's life" |
|
|
Term
| how are personality disorders related to personality? |
|
Definition
"big five" ppersonaltiy traits
-extraversion
-neuroticism
-openness to experience
-conscientiousness
-agreeableness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, acitivity, excitement-seeking, positive emotions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anxiety, angry, hostility, depressin, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, vulnerability |
|
|
Term
| facets of openness to experience |
|
Definition
| fantasy, aesthetics, feeligns, actions, ideas, values |
|
|
Term
| facets of openness to experience |
|
Definition
| fantasy, aesthetics, feeligns, actions, ideas, values |
|
|
Term
| facets of conscientiousness |
|
Definition
| competence, order, dutifulness, achievement striving, self-discipline, deliberation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trust, straightforwardness, altruism, compliance, modesty, tendermindedness |
|
|
Term
| how are personaltiy disorders related to personaltiy? |
|
Definition
-extreme variants in normally distributed traits
-extreme variants accompanied by atypical biological variations
-extreme variants accompanied by atypical life experiences
>>an inherently dimensional view |
|
|
Term
| how are personality disorders related to axis I disorders? |
|
Definition
-more pervasive (across time and situations), chronic, rigid
-onset is difficult to pinpoint
-comorbidity with axis I is common
-with some exceptions, less responsive to treatment
-observers less likely to say "S(he# has changed. S#he)'s just not the same lately."
-improvement with age for some personality disorders |
|
|
Term
| controversies associated with the personality disorder construct and categories |
|
Definition
-how can emotion, cognition, and behavior exist "outside" of personality?
-comorbidity is the rule rather than the exception
-poor empirical basis for most of the personality disorder
-reification-"I did it because of my personality disorder"
-challenges the categorical approach of DSM-IV |
|
|
Term
| 10 personaltiy disorders/three clusters |
|
Definition
eccengtric group (A)
Dramatic-emotional group (b)
anxious fearful (C) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-paranoid personality disorder
-schizoid personaltiy disorder
-schizotypal disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-paranoid personality disorder
-schizoid personaltiy disorder
-schizotypal disorder |
|
|
Term
| dramatic-emotional group (B) |
|
Definition
-antisocial personaltiy disorder
-borderline personality disorder
-histronic personality disorder
-narcissistic personality disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-avoidant perosnaltiy disorder
-Dependent personality disorder
-Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder |
|
|
Term
| schizotypal personaltiy disorder (genetically related to schizophrenia-a mild form) |
|
Definition
-anxious in social relations and avoids people
-appears "different" and does not conform
-suspicious of others
-odd or eccentric beliefs, such as in ESP or magic
-thoughts and speech sometimes disorganized |
|
|
Term
| paranoid personality disorder |
|
Definition
-distrustful of others
-misinterprets social events as threatening
-harbors resentment towards others
-prone to pathological jealousy
-argumentative and hostile
-relationship to schizophrenia
>>weak
>>paranoia less delusional
>>paranpoia is less episodic |
|
|
Term
| schizoid personality disorder |
|
Definition
-lack of interest in interpersonal relationships (contrasted with avoidant social anxiety)
-emotionally cold, aloof, detached
-solitary activities
-disinterested in sex/sexual relationships
-possible relationship to Asperger's disorder? |
|
|
Term
| obsessive compulsive personality disorder |
|
Definition
-preoccuppied with order
-strives for perfection
-devoted to work, seeks little leisure time or friendship
-frequently miserly or stingy
-rigid, inflexible, and stubborn
-not associated with compulsive, anxiety-reducing rituals |
|
|
Term
| dependent personality disorder |
|
Definition
-total dependence on and submission to otheres
-unable to assume responsibility for most major ares of life
-excessive reassurance and advice needed for everyday decisions
-preoccupation with fears of having to manage alone |
|
|
Term
| avoidant personality disorder |
|
Definition
-avoids situations involving interpersonal contact due to fears of criticism, disapproval,etc.
-significant feelings of inadequacy and belief that others share that view
-avoidant of any new acitivities, risks, etc, due to fear of embarrassment |
|
|
Term
| cluster b: erratic, dramatic, emotional |
|
Definition
-unpredictable, affective, lability, possible violence
>>includes borderline, antisocial, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorder |
|
|
Term
| borderline personality disorder |
|
Definition
-unstable personality disorder
-most common personality disorder (2-3% prevalaence) |
|
|
Term
| symptom picutre of borderline personality disorder |
|
Definition
-extreme efforts to avoid real or imagine abandonent
-unstable interpersonal relationships-vacillating between idealization and devaluation
-identity disturbance
-impulsivity (sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, binge eating) |
|
|
Term
| symptom picture of borderline personality disorder |
|
Definition
-suicidal and parasuicidal behavior (6% commit suicide)
-affective instability
-chronic emptiness
-intense anger and/or diffuclty controlling anger
-transient paranoid ideation or severe dissociation |
|
|
Term
| etiology of borderline personaltiy disorder |
|
Definition
-genetic association with mood disorders
-strong association with early trauma (up to 90% report early abuse)
-may be an extreme variant of PTSD in genetically vulnerable individuals |
|
|
Term
| treatment of boderline personality disorder |
|
Definition
dialectical behvaior therapy (DBT)-an empirically supported treatment
-identify and regulate emotions
-increase problem solving skills
-address post-traumatic anxiety processes
-decrease reliance on external validation |
|
|
Term
| treatment of boderline personality disorder |
|
Definition
dialectical behvaior therapy (DBT)-an empirically supported treatment
-identify and regulate emotions
-increase problem solving skills
-address post-traumatic anxiety processes
-decrease reliance on external validation |
|
|
Term
| antisocial personality disorder |
|
Definition
-little concern for others
-impulsive
-easily irritated and assaultive
-reckless and irresponsible
-glib or superficial charm
-callous social attitudes
-lack of guilt feelings or remorse
-indifferent to suffering of others |
|
|
Term
| etiology (cause) of antisocial personality disorder |
|
Definition
-gene-environment interactions
>>abuse and MAO transporter polymorphism
>>adopted children with antisocial bioligical parent and significant stress in the adoptive home
-sensation seeking and underarousal hypthesis
-atypical anxiety processes
-callous-unemotional trait
-the developmental sequence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Insufficient attention to details.
Difficulty sustaining attention to tasks.
Difficulty listening.
Poor follow-through on instructions.
Difficulty with organization.
Avoidance/dislike of tasks requiring sustained mental effort.
Tendency to misplace/lose things.
Easily distracted by extraneously stimuli.
Forgetful in daily activities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
HI type requires 6 of 9 HI symptoms and less than 6 PI symptoms
PI type requires 6 of 9 I symptoms and less than 6 HI symptoms
Combined type requires six symptoms from each domain |
|
|
Term
| DSM-IV impairment criteria |
|
Definition
Especially important for the ADHD diagnosis because:
-The symptoms reflect a quantitative difference from behaviors seen in typically developing children
-There is considerable variability in behavioral symptoms in both typically and atypically developing children
-There are predictable developmental changes in symptom picture in affected children; impairment may “outlast” specific symptoms |
|
|
Term
| DSM-IV impairment criteria |
|
Definition
-Some impairment from the symptoms is present in two or more settings (e.g., at school and at home; peer group may be considered a separate setting)
-There must be clear evidence of clinically significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (50%)
Conduct disorder (30%)
Anxiety disorders (25%), especially in early childhood
Depression (20%)
Learning disorders (25%)
Speech and language disorders (30%) |
|
|
Term
| associated features and risks of ADHD |
|
Definition
Higher rates of health care encounters (double the level of medical costs over a 9 year period relative to controls)
Sleep disturbance
Accident proneness and risk-taking
Increased traffic offenses
Early initiation of cigarette smoking |
|
|
Term
| associated features and risks of ADHD |
|
Definition
Reduced life expectancy
Increased likelihood of HS dropping out
Frequent peer, sibling and parent conflict
Increased family distress (increased parenting stress, maternal depression, marital discord, separation, divorce, parent alcohol consumption, decreased contact with extended families) – more related to comorbid conduct problems than ADHD per se |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Family psychosocial factors account for 15% of the variance in ADHD symptoms.
The association between poor parenting and problematic child behavior is often a reflection of developmental or phenotypic differences in shared genetic liability.
In double blind studies of medication effects, parenting often improves in response to effective medical treatment of the target child.
Parenting interventions are more effective in managing the development of comorbid problems, like ODD. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A normally distributed behavioral trait would appear as a significant deviation with important consequences in 3-5% of the population.
Teratogenic effects would add a “tail” to the low end of the distribution and increase prevalence.
Prevalence estimates are around 5%.
Jensen’s 1999 study (JAACAP, 38, 797-804) of 4 communities found a diagnostic rate of 1.6 to 9.4 %, with an average of 5.1 %. Only 12% of those diagnosed were being treated with psychostimulants. Of the 1,285 being treated with medication, only 8 did not meet diagnostic criteria.
Mayo Clinic’s 2002 study did not find over-diagnosis and did not find over-prescription of psychostimulants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Zuvekas, S.H., Vitiello, B., & Norquist, G.S. (2006). Recent trends in stimulant medication use among U.S. children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 579–585.
The prevalence of stimulant use is less than prevalence estimates for the disorder.
The differences between 1997 and 2002 fall within the range of measurement error and are not statistically significant.
“The steep increase in the utilization of stimulants among children 18 years and younger that occurred over the 1987–1996 period attenuated in the following years through 2002, and has remained stable.” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Standardized symptom and behavior checklists
Clinical interview and observation
significant limitations of clinical observation data
Developmental history, including family history and other risk factors
Performance-based testing
E.g. continuous performance tests, executive function tests
The role of cognitive ability (IQ) and academic achievement tests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Psychostimulants
Amphetamines (Adderall, Vyvanse)
Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta, Daytrana)
Atomoxetine (Strattera)
Guanfacine (Tenex, Intuniv) |
|
|
Term
| long term intervention ADHD treatment |
|
Definition
No demonstrable effects on quality of life in adults who were treated as children
Not associated with increased risk of substance use/abuse
But untreated ADHD is
No health risks identified for properly treated (dosing and monitoring) |
|
|
Term
| behavioral intervention ADHD treatment |
|
Definition
No empirical support for significant effects on ADHD symptoms
Useful for common externalizing comorbidities
Parenting and family-based interventions
Cognitive- Behavioral - self-regulatory strategies |
|
|
Term
| experimental intervention ADHD treatment |
|
Definition
EEG neurofeedback
Omega 3’s
Possible dietary for a small subset of children |
|
|
Term
| pseudoscinece ADHD treatment |
|
Definition
| Chiropractic, occupational therapy, megavitamins, chelation, visual tracking (optometry) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| His conceptualization of ADHD and comorbid conditions – his “blank slate” hypothesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-predominantly innatentive type
-predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type
-combined type
-NOS
-The diagnostic and statistical manual of Mental Disorders-4th edition (DSM-IV) does not recognize the existence of a diagnosis called "ADD" |
|
|
Term
| DSM-IV symtpoms of inattention |
|
Definition
Insufficient attention to details.
Difficulty sustaining attention to tasks.
Difficulty listening.
Poor follow-through on instructions.
Difficulty with organization.
Avoidance/dislike of tasks requiring sustained mental effort.
Tendency to misplace/lose things.
Easily distracted by extraneously stimuli.
Forgetful in daily activities. |
|
|
Term
| DSM-IV symtpoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity |
|
Definition
Fidgety
Difficulty remaining seated
Easily bored and/or restless
Difficulty engaging in leisure activities quietly
“On the go”, “driven by a motor”
Talks excessively
Blurts out frequently
Difficulty awaiting turns
Often interrupts/intrudes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
HI type requires 6 of 9 HI symptoms and less than 6 PI symptoms
PI type requires 6 of 9 I symptoms and less than 6 HI symptoms
Combined type requires six symptoms from each domain |
|
|
Term
| DSM-IV impairment criteria |
|
Definition
Especially important for the ADHD diagnosis because:
The symptoms reflect a quantitative difference from behaviors seen in typically developing children
There is considerable variability in behavioral symptoms in both typically and atypically developing children
There are predictable developmental changes in symptom picture in affected children; impairment may “outlast” specific symptoms |
|
|
Term
| DSM-IV impairment criteria |
|
Definition
Some impairment from the symptoms is present in two or more settings (e.g., at school and at home; peer group may be considered a separate setting)
There must be clear evidence of clinically significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Comorbidities
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (50%)
Conduct disorder (30%)
Anxiety disorders (25%), especially in early childhood
Depression (20%)
Learning disorders (25%)
Speech and language disorders (30%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Associated features and risks
-higher rates of health care encounters (doubles the level of medical costs over a 9 year period relative to controls)
-sleep disturbance
-accident proneness and risk-taking
-increased traffic offenses
-early initiation of cigarette smoking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-reduced life expectancy
-increased likelihood of HS dropping out
-frequent peer, sibling, and parent conflict
-increased family distress (increased parenting stress, maternal depression, marital discord, separation, divorce, parent alcohol consumption, decreased contact with exteneded families)-more related to comorbid conduct problems than ADHD pre se |
|
|
Term
| isn't ADHD really just poor parenting? |
|
Definition
-family psychosocial factors account for 15% of the variance in ADHD symptoms
-the association between poor parenting and problematic child behaviors is often a reflection of developmental or phenotypic differences in shared genetic liability
-in double blind studies of medicaiton effects, parenting often improves in response to effective medical treatment of the target child
-parenting interventions are more effective in managing development of comorbid problems like ODD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-a normally distributed behavioral trait would appear as a significant deviation with important condequences in 3-5% of the population
-teratogenic effects would add a "tail" to the low end of the distribution and increase prevalence
-prevalence estimes are around 5%
-jensen's 1999 study #JAACAP, 38, 797-804# of 4 communities found a diagnostic rate of 1.6 1.6 to 9.4 %, with an average of 5.1 %. Only 12% of those diagnosed were being treated with psychostimulants. Of the 1,285 being treated with medication, only 8 did not meet diagnostic criteria.
-Mayo Clinic’s 2002 study did not find over-diagnosis and did not find over-prescription of psychostimulants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Zuvekas, S.H., Vitiello, B., & Norquist, G.S. (2006). Recent trends in stimulant medication use among U.S. children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 579–585.
>>The prevalence of stimulant use is less than prevalence estimates for the disorder.
>>The differences between 1997 and 2002 fall within the range of measurement error and are not statistically significant.
>>“The steep increase in the utilization of stimulants among children 18 years and younger that occurred over the 1987–1996 period attenuated in the following years through 2002, and has remained stable.” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-standardized symptoms and behavior checklists
-clinical interview and observation
>>significant limiations of clinical observation data
-developmental history, including family history and other risk factors
-performance-based testing
>>continuous performance tests, executive function tests
-the role of cognitive ability (IQ) and academic achievement tests |
|
|
Term
| how is ADHD treated? medicine |
|
Definition
Psychostimulants
Amphetamines (Adderall, Vyvanse)
Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta, Daytrana)
Atomoxetine (Strattera)
Guanfacine (Tenex, Intuniv) |
|
|
Term
| how is ADHD treated? long term affects of pharmacologic interventions |
|
Definition
No demonstrable effects on quality of life in adults who were treated as children
Not associated with increased risk of substance use/abuse
But untreated ADHD is
No health risks identified for properly treated (dosing and monitoring) |
|
|
Term
| how is ADHD treated? behavioral interventions |
|
Definition
No empirical support for significant effects on ADHD symptoms
Useful for common externalizing comorbidities
Parenting and family-based interventions
Cognitive- Behavioral - self-regulatory strategies |
|
|
Term
| how is ADHD treated? experimental interventions |
|
Definition
EEG neurofeedback
Omega 3’s
Possible dietary for a small subset of children |
|
|
Term
| how is ADHD treated? Psuedoscinece |
|
Definition
| Chiropractic, occupational therapy, megavitamins, chelation, visual tracking (optometry) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
His conceptualization of ADHD and comorbid conditions – his “blank slate” hypothesis
Diagnosis of ADHD – the limitations of observational data in highly unusual circumstances
Standards of care for clinical practice
“First of all – do no harm” |
|
|
Term
| what is a spectrum disorder? |
|
Definition
A heterogeneous condition
Symptoms, abilities, characteristics expressed in
Different combinations
Different levels of severity |
|
|
Term
| core symptoms of a spectrum disorder |
|
Definition
Social impairment
Communication impairment
Repetitive behaviors and interests |
|
|
Term
| associated features spectrum disorder |
|
Definition
Level of intellectual ability
Severity of language problems
Level of developmental progress
“Spared” abilities and “splinter skills” |
|
|
Term
| is there an epidemic of Autism spectrum disorder? |
|
Definition
Historical: 4 per 10,000 (.04%)
Psychopathology texts: 16 per 10,000 for autism (.16%); 30-60 per 10,000 for spectrum (.3 - .6%)
TV commercials 2 years ago: 1 in 166 live births (60 per 10,000) (.6%)
Advocacy groups 2012 – 1 in 88 live births (1.14 %) (113 per 10,000) |
|
|
Term
| is there an epidemic of autism spectrum disorder? |
|
Definition
Explanations for possible increase
Changes in diagnostic criteria; DSM-III (1980) to DSM-IV (1994) (i.e., the number of cases has not actually changed; the diagnostic rules are looser)
gross deficits in language development and peculiar speech patterns became difficulty sustaining a conversation or lack of varied…social imitative play.
Bizarre responses became persistent preoccupations |
|
|
Term
| is there an epidemic of autism spectrum disorder? |
|
Definition
Explanations for possible increase
Changes in diagnostic criteria; DSM-III (1980) to DSM-IV (1994) (i.e., the number of cases has not actually changed; the diagnostic rules are looser)
2 categories of autistic disorder became 5
Autistic disorder requires presence of 8 of 16 possible symptoms for diagnosis
The new category of Asperger’s disorder requires only symptoms for social impairment and repetitive interests categories
The new category of PDD-NOS is defined by subthreshold symptoms |
|
|
Term
| is there an epidemic of austism spectrum disorder? |
|
Definition
Explanations for possible increase
Changes in diagnostic criteria; DSM-III (1980) to DSM-IV (1994) (i.e., the number of cases has not actually changed; the diagnostic rules are looser)
The Gernsbacher et al (2005) example of the mathematics of broadened criteria
Assume that tall is initially defined as >74.5 inches tall
2,778 men in McClennan County Texas would be “diagnosed” as tall
10 years later - change definition of tall to >72 inches tall
10,360 men would be “diagnosed” as tall (with no actual increase in population height)
This is a 273% increase in diagnoses of “tall” |
|
|
Term
| is there an epidemic of autism spectrum disorder? |
|
Definition
Explanations for possible increase
More complete ascertainment (better case-finding) (i.e., the number of cases has not changed; we are better at identifying them)
IDEA added autism as category to report
Increased public awareness |
|
|
Term
| is there an epidemic of autism spectrum disorder? |
|
Definition
Explanations for possible increase
There is an actual increase in the number of affected individuals
The assortative mating hypothesis
The MMR immunization hypothesis
The Yokohama study
Declining administration of MMR vaccine 1988-1992
No administration of MMR vaccine after 1993
Cumulative incidence of ASD’s increased from 1998-1996, with most dramatic increase in birth cohorts from 1993 on |
|
|
Term
| is there an epidemic of autism spectrum disoder? |
|
Definition
Explanations for possible increase
There is an actual increase in the number of affected individuals
Toxic exposure during critical or sensitive periods of embryologic/prenatal development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A discarded theory – “refrigerator” mothers
Theory of mind
Perspective taking
Mirror neurons
Arousal theories
Overarousal
Under arousal |
|
|
Term
| arousal theories and ASD'S |
|
Definition
Over-arousal theories of sensory impairment (sensory defensiveness) are not supported by laboratory studies of electrodermal response (EDR)
Theories of abnormal response to stimuli (impaired habituation) are not supported by laboratory studies of EDR
Stereotypies do not increase in response to increased or decreased sensory stimulation; they do not modulate arousal levels
Underarousal is found in some studies |
|
|
Term
| arousal theories and ASD'S |
|
Definition
A deprivation/underarousal theory of ASD
Early impairments in social attention are primary
Social attention impairments deprive infants/young children of of social input
This deprivation disrupts normal brain and behavioral development
Negative feedback loop affecting subsequent social development
Need for ongoing stimulation for the developing CNS |
|
|
Term
| arousal theories and ASD'S |
|
Definition
A deprivation/underarousal theory of ASD
Objects/physical attributes provided stimulation not available through social contact
Simple sensory and repetitive behavior available to young children creates additional sensory input
Sensory symptoms are secondary to autism and not specific to autism
Explains occurrence of sensory symptoms in those who are blind, severely retarded and with significant deprivation |
|
|
Term
| According to your professor, which statement best reflects a belief that is an unhelpful outcome of accepting the “assumption of healthy normality”? |
|
Definition
| Most instances of emotional distress are symptoms of psychological disorder.* |
|
|
Term
| Based on the fact that many people who have been sexually abused report symptoms of emotional distress that they have a hard time understanding I assume that all of the clients whom I see who report symptoms of emotional distress that they have a hard time understanding must have been sexually abused, whether they remember it or not. The most immediate and non-controversial evidence of my error is that my assumption is not |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to Schafersman, “a highly corroborated hypothesis that has been so repeatedly tested and for which so much reliable evidence exists, that it would be perverse or irrational to deny it” is (by his definition) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not a common characteristic of pseudoscience? |
|
Definition
| reliance on empirical evidence |
|
|
Term
| . I believe that at some point in the past I was abducted by aliens, taken to a distant planet, had the contents of my mind studied, and returned to earth before any time had passed on Earth. In order for you to conclude that I have a psychological disorder one bit of information (among others) that you would need to know is |
|
Definition
| whether or not people from my cultural background widely share this belief |
|
|
Term
| I am studying individuals who have Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). I know that this problem is heritable and may be related to a variation in a dopamine transport gene. I know that many of the individuals with this problem have problems with impulsive behavior. I know that problems with impulsive behavior are often associated with problems with a neurocognitive process called “executive functioning”. In my investigations the endophenotype I am studying is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the following statements reflects the most accurate use of the concept of heritability? |
|
Definition
| 60% of the variance in ADHD symptoms is accounted for by genetic heritability |
|
|
Term
| Your professor told you that there is no such “thing” as depression, intelligence, schizophrenia, etc. Rather each of these concepts reflects a set of hypotheses about biological, psychological, and social processes that occur in characteristic ways. Another name for this set of hypotheses is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In my study of academic success in college I have assembled a large sample of monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins. My measure of academic success shows a correlation of .7 between MZ twins and .4 between DZ twins. According to my results, the estimated heritability of academic success is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| I have been gathering data about how people describe the symptoms of their experiences of anxiety. I have discovered that there are more than 100 words that people usually use to describe this problem. I need some way to reduce these 100 words to a more workable number of words or concepts to describe the key symptoms of this disorder. A statistical technique that was developed specifically to help with research problems like mine is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| I live in Michigan and I am suffering many symptoms of depression. I have read about the potentially positive effects of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor known as Prozac (fluoxetine). I would like a prescription for this medicine. My family doctor is not willing to prescribe this type of medicine. Which of these mental health professionals is able to write a prescription for this medication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| I saw a psychologist for an assessment of some emotional problems. He asked me to tell him what I saw when I looked at a series of inkblots. He told me that my answer revealed that I am a person who becomes anxious when I am in new situations. I was amazed that he could know that from what I saw in those inkblots. I think the psychologist and the test are amazing. Lilienfeld et al (2006) would argue that my amazement is an example of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When studying family functioning, it has been observed that marital discord often increases as child behavior problems increase in the family. Using the correlational model: |
|
Definition
| b) it is not possible to determine whether marital discord causes child behavior problems, whether child behavior problems cause marital discord, or whether both may be true* |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not a possible component of the etiology of a psychological disorder? |
|
Definition
| a person became homeless as a result of his or her schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
| I am studying the effects of risk and protective factors on the development and course of a psychological disorder. The most effective means of studying such questions is with |
|
Definition
| a longitudional research design |
|
|
Term
| passive gene-environment correalations occur when parents |
|
Definition
| engage in parenting practices that reflect the genetic liability for disorder shared with their children* |
|
|
Term
| I am highly introverted and introversion has high heritability. I deliberately avoid a wide range of social experiences that many people find enjoyable. This is an example of |
|
Definition
| an active gene-environment correlation |
|
|
Term
| A child has the heritable temperament traits of high emotional reactivity and low self-regulation. Across a range of circumstances other people are frequently critical of the child and often avoid him/her. This is an example of |
|
Definition
| an evocative gene-enviornment correaltion |
|
|
Term
| What is not a potential source of an acquired variation in the structure and function of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is not a primary function of the amygdala? |
|
Definition
| turning off the fight or flight response |
|
|
Term
| which of the following is not an example of psuedoscience |
|
Definition
| Professor Smith studies rats in the laboratory and discovered an epigenetic effect associated with early maternal-pup interaction. In an article he wrote for the New York Times he speculated that humans may also demonstrate this epigenetic effect |
|
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Term
| Professor Hayes is studying the psychotherapy of depression. He reports that several different approaches all seem to alleviate depression. When he studied these treatments in more depth he discovered that people’s depressive symptoms were alleviated when they begin to experience their own thoughts as “just thoughts” and not as real life events occurring in the “here and now”. In his study of psychotherapy (the independent variable) and depressive symptoms (the dependent variable), the phenomenon of people experiencing their own thoughts in a new way is an example of |
|
Definition
| a mediator of treatment effectiveness |
|
|
Term
| Evocative gene-environment correlations are one explanation for the manner in which |
|
Definition
| what origionally would be shared environment might become a non-shared environment |
|
|
Term
| In a landmark study by Caspi et. al. (2003), researchers studied the stressful life events and genetics of 847 individuals. For individuals who had at least four stressful life events, the risk of major depression doubled if they possessed the less common two short allele form of a gene associated with serotonin transport. These results are an example of the phenomenon known as |
|
Definition
| gene-environment interaction |
|
|
Term
| Which one of these is most clearly associated with variations serotonin activity? |
|
Definition
| the occurence of mood, anxiety, and eating disorders |
|
|
Term
| The Treatment of Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS) is an example of |
|
Definition
a) An experiment
b) The use of double blind procedures
c) A randomized clinical trial (RCT)
d) All of the above* |
|
|
Term
| The amygdala and the hippocampus are both anatomical structures in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The inhibitory activity of GABA is partially regulated by the excitatory activity of a neurotransmitter with which GABA tends to act in tandem. That excitatory neurotransmitter is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The neurotransmitter most directly associated with exploratory and pleasure-seeking behaviors is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High orbital glucose metabolism is increased in individuals with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Which statement best describes glucose metabolism in this area following psychological (not pharmaceutical) treatment for this problem. |
|
Definition
| metabolism is reduced in high orbital surface following treatment |
|
|
Term
| A psychological test that asks people to respond to ambiguous stimuli as a means of possibly revealing unconscious thought processes is referred to as a(n) ____________________ test. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| . I saw a psychologist for an assessment of some emotional problems. She asked me to complete a 555 question true-false test. I thought some of the questions were very unusual. When I asked what my answers to these unusual questions meant she said that she wasn’t particularly interested in my specific answers to those questions. Instead she said that she was interested in whether or not my pattern of answers was similar to the patterns found for people with specific types of psychological problems. As a student of PSY 280 you thought the test I had taken was probably the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the DSM-IV approach to classification and diagnosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| My neurologist wants to take an image of my brain. She wants to see my brain in action - what is happening as it is processing certain types of stimuli rather than just having a static image of its structures. Which test should she use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As a result of my recent psychological evaluation I learned that my psychologist had given me a score of 55 on Axis V of the DSM system. This score represent his assessment of |
|
Definition
| my level of adaptive functioning |
|
|
Term
| According to your professor, approximately how many DSM-IV diagnoses are associated with specific biological markers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The idea that DSM-IV diagnostic groups have different and distinct etiologies is undermined by evidence |
|
Definition
| of a high rate of comorbidity among disorders |
|
|
Term
| The idea that DSM-IV diagnostic groups have different and distinct etiologies is undermined by evidence |
|
Definition
| of a high rate of comorbidity among disorders |
|
|
Term
| Freud’s belief that human behavior is motivated by unconscious processes is |
|
Definition
| generally accpeted, but not exactly in the manner is suggested |
|
|
Term
| . I have recently had an unpleasant experience. I believe that the experience was totally my fault, that I always screw things up, and that I am never going to be able to change my screwed up ways. From a psychological perspective my attributional style can be described as |
|
Definition
| internal, stable, and global |
|
|
Term
| One of the key distinctions between fear and anxiety is that anxiety |
|
Definition
| is more future orientated than fear |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is an example of the treatment technique for OCD called exposure and ritual (or response) prevention (ERP)? |
|
Definition
| Carrie has an obsessive fear of contamination that has led to compulsive hand-washing rituals. Her therapist is treating her by making her touch dirty laundry but not allowing her to wash for increasingly longer periods of time afterward. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when people with OCD attempt to neutralize or suppress disturbing, intrusive thoughts? |
|
Definition
| the frequency of obsessive thoughts increases |
|
|
Term
| Your PSY 280 professor has displayed a high level of preoccupation with the Detroit Tigers. This preoccupation would be an example of an obsession (in the technical sense that the term “obsession” is used in the science of psychopathology) if |
|
Definition
| he experienced the thoughts about the detroit tigers as unwelcome, intrusive, and persistent |
|
|
Term
| The emotions of anxiety and frustration are commonly associated with the action of |
|
Definition
| the behavioral inhibitions system (BIS) |
|
|
Term
| The neurotransmitter most directly active when an individual is responding to a potential source of reward or reinforcement in the environment is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The neurotransmitter most directly active when an individual is responding to a potential source of reward or reinforcement in the environment is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| approach behavior is generally thought to be a result of activation of |
|
Definition
a) The fight or flight system (FFT)
b) The corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) system
c) Top down triggering of the BIS
d) None of these are directly associated with approach behavior* |
|
|
Term
| I recently participated in a research program concerning anxiety. The researcher used a variety of neuroimaging and psychophysiological measures to see what was happening when I was worrying. The researcher told me that I fit the pattern of an “autonomic restrictor”. (By the way, I am right-handed.) Based on what you have learned in PSY 280 my profile would NOT include: |
|
Definition
| frequent and intense episodes of panic |
|
|
Term
| In light of recent evidence about the effects of autonomic restriction, the researcher in Question #7 referred me to a psychologist for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Because my therapist is up to date on research in her field she will probably |
|
Definition
| teach me vividly to imagine situations about which I worry |
|
|
Term
| With regard to Tourette’s syndrome which of the following is an accurate statement about coprolalia (obscene or offensive language)? |
|
Definition
| only 20% of those with tourettes have the symptoms of coprolalia |
|
|
Term
| Agoraphobia often develops as a response to panic episodes. Compulsions often develop as a response to obsessions. A process that is a significant contributor to the strengthening of both the panic/agoraphobia and obsession/compulsion connections is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| I have frequent panic attacks, but only when I see a picture of Lady Gaga. However, I do not experience a panic attack every time I see a picture of Lady Gaga. My panic attacks would be classified as |
|
Definition
| situationally predisposed |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following did your text specifically mention as a teenage behavior that increases susceptibility to the development of anxiety disorders in adulthood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major difference between acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? |
|
Definition
| the timing of the onsent of the anxiety symptoms in relation to the traumatic experience |
|
|
Term
| Throughout your text you will find examples of disorders that are very specific to a particular culture. For example, a fear of cold is found in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to your text (and the quiz you took on 2/23/12) the highest rate of suicide is found among |
|
Definition
| caucasion-american elderly |
|
|
Term
| . According to your text, the most widely accepted explanation for the effectiveness of electro-convulsive therapy (ECT) is that it |
|
Definition
| The text authors do not say that there is a widely accepted explanation for its effects. Rather, they stated that no one knows for certain why it works.* |
|
|
Term
| One benefit of cognitive therapy relative to SSRI anti-depressant treatment of depression is that cognitive therapy |
|
Definition
| prolongs the length of time between depressive episodes |
|
|
Term
| People who work the midnight shift for 3 or 4 weeks, then the afternoon shift for 3-4 weeks, and then the day shift for 3-4 weeks and keep going through this process for an extended period of time are at risk for the development of mood disorders. The biological component of this risk is thought to be due to the disruption of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In class you were told that positive and negative emotions are both elements of mood. This is a pretty obvious statement. Possibly less obvious is the nature of the relationship between positive emotions, negative emotions, and depression. According to your instructor, the best way to conceptualize this relationship is as follows: |
|
Definition
| Depression can be associated with the inability to experience positive emotions and/or the ease with which negative emotions get triggered and remain active |
|
|
Term
| Which is the most accurate statement regarding the heritability of depression? |
|
Definition
| severe depression is more heritable than mild to moderate depression |
|
|
Term
| Bipolar II disorder is characterized by major depressive episodes alternating with _______________, while bipolar I disorder is characterized by alternating episodes of major depression and _______________. |
|
Definition
| hypomanic episodes; mania |
|
|
Term
| type of treatment for depression specifically addresses “role disputes”? |
|
Definition
| interpersonal therapy (IPT) |
|
|
Term
| 23. For the past few days I have had an unusual amount of energy. I have not slept much and have gotten a great deal of work done. I also realized that I have discovered the missing ingredient in pharmacological treatment of ADHD and have sent a proposal to the major pharmaceutical companies explaining the chemical formula that they have been missing. I also sent a letter to President Obama outlining the solution to conflict in the Middle East. At the present time I am probably NOT experiencing |
|
Definition
| A major depressive episode |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is the most common form of mood disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| I went through a difficult year. I was very depressed and I was unemployed. I had no money and no health insurance so I could not get treatment for my depression. I was really depressed for about 9 months before I started feeling better. Now I have health insurance and was able to go see a psychologist. I said I was very alarmed about how long my depression had lasted and I thought it was a bad sign that I had been depressed for so long. My psychologist has read the Barlow and Durand text and is up-to-date on the epidemiological findings regarding depression. What do you think she said about my 9 month long depression? |
|
Definition
| 9 months is the average duration for an untreated depressive episode |
|
|
Term
| I am usually somewhat depressed. My symptoms are a mild anhedonia, lack of energy, low self-esteem, and pessimism. Then, a few months ago I got really depressed. My symptoms got much more severe. My psychologist told me that I have something called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| I have never really felt manic but I have had periods of time in which I was in an unusually good mood, had lots of energy, and had unusually high self-esteem. But most of the time I just have a low level of depression. Looking at the total course of my experiences with mood regulation I would probably be diagnosed with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Forgot all of those previous scenarios. Now I am in really bad shape. I have Bipolar I disorder and am in an extremely depressed state. I have tried approximately 15 different combinations of medications and nothing has been effective in reducing any of my symptoms. I have been seeing a psychologist for therapy for 5 years and it seems pointless. I recently met with my psychiatrist and told her that I cannot stand my life anymore. I have given away all of my possessions. I ordered a handgun online. I have sent notes to the few friends I have left to thank them for having stuck with me. I told my psychiatrist that if she has me admitted to the hospital against my will I will pretend that everything is fine and fake it until they release me. Then I will kill myself. Under these circumstances my psychiatrist could reasonably suggest that I try |
|
Definition
| electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
|
|
Term
| Schizophrenia means “split mind”. The “split” in “split mind” refers to the fact that people with schizophrenia have |
|
Definition
| Different aspects of their mind, for example, thoughts, feelings, and perceptions split off from or not connected or experienced in a typically coherent fashion |
|
|
Term
| I work with families of individuals who have schizophrenia. One of my goals is try to help prevent relapses. In order to do this, a potentially useful approach with these families would be to |
|
Definition
| Encourage family members to carefully modulate the frequency and intensity of their emotional expressions, reduce the frequency of complaints and criticism, and develop a non-intrusive style of interaction with the affected family member |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypofrontality is the name of a neurological process though to account for |
|
Definition
| negative symptom of schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
| Which piece of information would support all three of the following conclusions: 1) schizophrenia is not a purely genetic disorder; 2) schizophrenia is not a purely environmentally controlled disorder; 3) there are environmental influences in the development of schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
| the concordance rate rate of schizophrenia in monozygotic twins is 48% |
|
|
Term
| My brother and I both experience delusional thinking and are both diagnosed with psychological disorders. I believe that the East Lansing Police are constantly watching my home and monitoring my whereabouts. My brother believes that his actions are controlled by Martians who send behavior-controlling signals to his brain through the fillings in his teeth. Based solely on the type of delusions we have you could conclude that I probably have _____________________. My brother probably has _____________________________. |
|
Definition
| delusional disorder;paranoid schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
| I have schizophrenia. I have not moved, even slightly, in the past 12 hours. Based on this symptom you could conclude that I have which subtype of schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The effectiveness of antipsychotic medications in those with schizophrenia |
|
Definition
a) Suggests an overactive dopamine system in people with schizophrenia.
c) Does not completely explain the role of dopamine in schizophrenia. |
|
|
Term
| Almost every day, you see a middle-aged man walking the streets with two large garbage bags slung over his shoulder. He seems to be homeless, and he spends a great deal of time apparently talking to and answering people you can’t see. His muttering seems incoherent, and he will often suddenly laugh or giggle for no obvious reason. If he is displaying schizophrenia (and he may not be), what type is it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Research using brain-imaging techniques has localized auditory hallucinations in the part of the brain called _____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Evidence of activation of the area of the brain indicated in the previous question clarifies that when individuals experience auditory hallucinations they are actually |
|
Definition
| listening to their own thoughts |
|
|
Term
| 1. According to the multidimensional view of sleep disorders, what is the relationship between biological and psychological factors? |
|
Definition
| biological and psychological factors affect each other reciprocally |
|
|
Term
| 2. My sister was recently diagnosed with a psychological disorder. The psychologist who diagnosed her said that 20% of affected individuals die from the effects of this disorder. Given what you know about the mortality rates for psychological disorders, with which disorder do you think my sister was most likely diagnosed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What activity is possible during a non-REM parasomnia that is not possible during an REM parasomnia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4. I have insomnia and my primary symptom was an inability to fall asleep at night. My doctor prescribed a benzodiazepine to help me fall asleep and now I am falling asleep without problem. However, I am now waking up about 4 hours after falling asleep and have troubling falling asleep after that awakening. Based on what you have heard in class and read in your textbook, the most likely explanation for my change in symptoms is that |
|
Definition
| the benzodiapine effect is wearing off after 4 hours |
|
|
Term
| 5. I get 10 hours of sleep every night but I feel very tired all day every day. This is my only sleep-related problem. I have a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 6. Hector binge eats sometimes, dramatically restricts food intake at other times, purges sometimes, and exercises excessively. His diagnosis is |
|
Definition
| cannot tell from the information given |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements about the etiology of eating disorders is true: |
|
Definition
| Cultural differences play a large role in the etiology of eating disorders. |
|
|
Term
| eating disorders are most likely to develop in which family scenario |
|
Definition
| b. A family in which parents are high-achieving, perfectionistic, and focused on their children’s weight as a key aspect of acceptable physical appearance |
|
|
Term
| In your instructor’s opinion, an evolutionary contribution to the problem of eating disorders is that |
|
Definition
| c. Based on the environments of adaptation for the vast majority of human evolutionary time, we probably have a significant biological propensity to protect against rapid weight loss.* |
|
|
Term
| 1Which of the following is not a core component of the treatment of anorexia nervosa? |
|
Definition
| use of anti-anxiety or anti-depressant medication |
|
|
Term
| 11. In the upcoming DSM-V, for a person of normal weight, episodes of binge eating associated with distress about the eating in the absence of purging behavior will probably be classified as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which assessment instrument is needed in order to make an accurate diagnosis of anorexia nervosa? |
|
Definition
| a weight measurement scale |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not a common physical consequence of at least one of the eating disorders? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A stimulant that affects the brainstem by blocking the reuptake of adenosine is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After a long a difficult week of studying, being dumped by his boyfriend, getting evicted from his apartment and watching the MSU men’s basketball team lose to Louisville, Martin unwound by using a substance that directly altered his GABA, glutamate and serotonin systems. Martin probably used |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the wicked witch produced a field of poppies in the path of Dorothy and her friends (who were to trying to get to the Emerald City to meet with the Wizard of Oz), she was probably hoping that ____________ effects would interfere with their progress (remember to think of precise, technical definitions of these options). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a recent survey, substance abuse experts rated which of the following substances as having the highest addiction potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If three beers used to get me pleasantly buzzed, but I now require six beers to achieve the same effect, I am demonstrating which process in relation to my use of alcohol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Supposing marijuana use was to become completely legal in the United States. According to information presented in class, frequent users would have to be concerned about the possibility of developing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An excitatory neurotransmitter that is associated with alcohol ingestion is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| My friend was recently visiting me from his native country (Japan). After consuming only a small amount of sake, the skin on his neck and face reddened dramatically. I thought perhaps there was something wrong with the sake and that he was suffering from alcohol poisoning. He told me not to worry because the flushing was a well-known effect of having |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is never a synthetically produced drug? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| I recently tried a caffeine free energy drink whose main “energizing” ingredient was guarana. I avoid caffeine because it makes me feel jittery. I was disappointed that my caffeine-free energy drink made me even jitterier than caffeine. I could have skipped the whole unpleasant experience if one of my PSY 280 classmates had reminded me that |
|
Definition
| Guarana is not technically classified as caffeine because, in addition to caffeine, it also includes two other ingredients that have stimulant effects. |
|
|
Term
| My friend Carl had just smoked a large amount of marijuana and was feeling quite “high”. He received a text message from a friend who was in some danger and needed Carl’s immediate assistance. Carl was able to immediately feel normal and rush to his friend’s assistance. This scenario |
|
Definition
| Can be explained by the fact that the experience of marijuana intoxication is highly susceptible to expectancy and setting effects |
|
|
Term
| The specific substance abuse treatment program that focuses on learned aspects of dependence and the ways in which cognitive and behavioral coping skills sometimes fail is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| My friend Bettina has a long history of taking drugs to solve life’s problems. She has been depressed lately and was leafing through my Abnormal Psychology textbook. She read the chapters on depression and on substance abuse. It occurred to her that she might feel better if she could find some way to make the neurotransmitter dopamine more available in those neurological circuits known as the “pleasure pathway. She put the readings from those two chapters together and decided that the drug that might solve her problem (this time) was |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to your textbook and your instructor the most technically precise and correct meaning of the word stress refers to |
|
Definition
| A physiological response to a physically or psychologically challenging event (including one’s one challenging thoughts) * |
|
|
Term
| providing me with tangible physical evidence that I am actually changing my own physiological responses (e.g., EEG rhythms, blood pressure) is a purpose of the therapeutic intervention known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following is not related to the manner in which stress and negative emotions contribute to impaired immune or cardiovascular functioning? |
|
Definition
| parasympathetic activation triggers intense emotions |
|
|
Term
| which of the following is not related to the manner in which stress and negative emotions contribute to impaired immune or cardiovascular functioning? |
|
Definition
| parasympathetic activation triggers intense emotions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A temporary blockage of blood vessels leading to the brain |
|
|
Term
| The Gate Control Theory (of pain) predicts that pain-lessening inhibitory messages can be triggered |
|
Definition
a. Focusing attention on something other than pain
b. Positive emotions
c. Neither of the above
d. Both of the above* |
|
|
Term
| The hormone most directly implicated in causing cellular damage to a brain structure in chronic stress is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neuroimaging has been used to study activation patterns of the brain during pain experiences. When individuals have been given a placebo prior to a pain challenge, neuroimaging results suggest that |
|
Definition
| The placebo response is very similar to the response that is produced by pain-relieving medications* |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following psychological processes was not mentioned (in class or in your text) has having demonstrated significance in the discussion of psychological effects on physical disorders? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which limbic structure was specifically mentioned in lecture and in the text as being important in the turning off of the stress response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following is not a component of a comprehensive stress-reduction program? |
|
Definition
| Clients are urged to exaggerate the negative impact of events upon their lives in the hopes of invoking a catharsis |
|
|
Term
| gate control theory suggests that pain is |
|
Definition
| A physical and a psychological process simultaneously |
|
|
Term
| People’s ratings of the severity of their pain are most strongly predicted by |
|
Definition
| their reported sense of mastery and control |
|
|
Term
| In the baboon study presented in class and in your textbook, what social phenomenon was associated with lower resting cortisol and increased HDL levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between physical pain and social pain such as that caused by rejection? |
|
Definition
| they are associated with activation in highly overlapping areas of the brain and respond similarly to acetaminophen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no enough, theory of mind doesn't develop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cortisol level is lower than average, repetitive stimulating behavior. I can't take in very much much from the world. |
|
|
