Term
|
Definition
| liver hepatocytes and biliary duct cholangiocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Na, K, Ca (positive ions), bile acids, lecithin, bilde pigments, cholesterol |
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Term
|
Definition
ATP and glutathione
Proteins such as biliary glycoproteins (mucins) and serum immunoglobulins
Steriod hormones and their various metabolites
Drugs, toxins, and heavy metals
Amino acids, peptides and Vitamins |
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Term
| bile canaliculi eventually becomes |
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Definition
| hepatic bile ducts which ends in a common hepatic duct |
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Term
| Common bile duct picks up the main pancreatic duct at |
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Definition
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Term
| Ring of circular smooth muscle that is the exit of the biliary system immediately before entering the duodenum |
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Definition
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Term
| Gallbladder's lateral walls are relatively impermeable to_____ leading to the standing osmotic gradient |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| potent amphipathic organic acid detergents made from cholesterol, with pKa's near neutral and usually associated with sodium as bile salts |
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Term
| Hepatocytes conjugate bile acids with ____ or _____ thereby lowering the pKa of the conjugated bile acids |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid
directly synthesized from cholesterol |
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Term
|
Definition
formed by the action of intestinal bacteria on the primary bile acids (rmove OH)
3.5 grams |
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Term
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Definition
| formed when lecithin enters a micelle |
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Term
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Definition
| occur when micelles enter the duodenum and pick up the hydrophobic components of the diet and products of lipid digestion (FFA's, 2MG) |
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Term
| lipid soluble contents of micelles are absorbed via |
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Definition
| the unstirred layer on the microvilli surface of the epithelium of the mid-jejunum |
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Term
| non lipid soluble contents of micelles are absorbed via |
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Definition
| across apical membrane of ileal enterocytes via either a Na-independent transporter protein, OATP1B1, or a 2:1 Na-BS cotransporter alpha and betat and the ATPase transporter, MRP3 |
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Term
|
Definition
| reticuloendothelial cells located throughout vasculature |
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Term
| pump used to transfer bilirubin into the cell |
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Definition
| OATP1B1 (also carries BS) |
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Term
| Chemoreceptors that sense toxins, and trigger vomiting are located |
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Definition
| near the floor of the fourth ventricle of the brain and in the gastric and duodenal mucosa |
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Term
| Bilirubin conjugated with two glucuronic acids in the SER of a hepatocyte to form |
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Definition
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Term
| Bilirubin diglucuronice (BRDB) is actively pumped out of the hepatocyte and into the bile canaliculi by: |
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Definition
| multidrug-resistance related protein 2 (MRP2) |
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Term
| Gives urine and feces their color |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of >1.5 mg% total bilirubin in blood |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive bilirubin production overwhelming the capacity of a healthy liver to take up and conjugate the BS |
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Term
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Definition
| results from a decrease in functional liver cells (e.g intoxication or infection of the liver as with hepatitis virus) making it unable to handle the normal load of BS |
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Term
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Definition
| obstruction in the biliary tact (eg cholelithiasis) with pressure back up and regurgitation of conjugated BS out of the biliary tract and into the blood |
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Term
| Used to import conjugated and unconjugated BS on the hepatocyte sinusoidal membrane |
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Definition
Na-dependent, Na-taurocholate-co-transporting polypeptide=NTCP
Na-independent organic anion-transporting peptide=OATP1B1 |
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Term
|
Definition
-hepatocyte sinusoidal membrane
-apical membrane of ileal enterocytes to import BS |
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Term
| Na-independent OATP1B3 transporter imports |
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Definition
| bile jpigment, glutathione, bromosulphonphthalein and various radiopaque dyes |
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Term
| Transporters on the hepatocyte sinusoidal membrane |
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Definition
NTCP
OATP1B1
MRP3- ATP-dependent multidrug resistance-related protein 3 |
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Term
| ATP-dependent multidrug resistance-related protein 3 transports |
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Definition
organic solutes into the hepatocyte
(MRP3 is also on the BLM of ileal enterocytes where it exports BS out of the cell and into the body) |
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Term
| Transporters that transport from the hepatocyte to the canliculi |
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Definition
BSEP
MRP2
MDR1
MDR3
(all are ATPases belonging to the ATP binding cassette) |
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Term
|
Definition
monovalent BS
(bile salt export protein) |
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Term
|
Definition
| divalent BS, bile prgment, glutathione, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, bromosulphonphthalein and various radiopaque dyes |
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Term
|
Definition
| organic cations and xenobiotics |
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Term
|
Definition
| phospholipids like lecithin |
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|
Term
The
cholangiocyte
basolateral membrane (BLM) contains:
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|
Definition
A) a Na
+-hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE 1) that exports H+ in exchange for Na+ entry.
B) a Na
+- HCO3
-
co-transporter.
C) a Na
+- K+-2Cl- co-transporter.
D) the usual K
+ channel.
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Term
| Cholangiocyte canalicular membrane contains |
|
Definition
CFTR Cl channel
Ca activated Cl channel
AE2 |
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Term
| AE2 funciton on canlicular membrane |
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Definition
| exports HCO3 being driven by the Cl gradient thereby alkalinizing the bile |
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Term
| Apical transporters typically generate what kind of gradient |
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Definition
| -6 mV with a negative lumen |
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Term
| Importers of BS in ileum enterocytes on apical membrane |
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Definition
OATP1B1
ASBT (electroenic apical sodium dependent BS trasporter) |
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Term
| Exporters of BS on the basolateral membrane of ileum enterocytes |
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Definition
MRP3
the heterodimeric organic solute transporter alpha and beta, OSTalpha and beta |
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Term
| Substances that stimulate bile flow |
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Definition
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Term
| Secretin affect on bile flow |
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Definition
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Term
| The release of ATP into the bile vy cholangiocytes activates |
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Definition
purinergic P2 (P2Y2) receptors on the cholangiocyte surface that results in an increase in intracellular Ca through a mechanism involving conventional or novel PKC
Elevated Ca opens Ca activated Cl channels |
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Term
| Cl exchanges for HCO3 bile to cholangiocytes via |
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Definition
AE2 exchanger
results in dilution and alkalinixation of the bile |
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Term
| ATP released by shear of flow affect on bile flow |
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Definition
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Term
| Cephalic phase of digestion stimulus |
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Definition
| taste and smell of food, food in mouth and pharynx |
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Term
| CCK secreted in the stomach by fat digestion acitvation does what involving bile? |
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Definition
causes the gallbladder to contract strongly, increases common bile duct peristalsis and further relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi
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Term
| Acid in chyme evokes the release of _____ from duodenal enteroendocrine cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increased bicardbonate secretion from all the pancreatic and common bile duct epithelial cells and the walls of the small intestine |
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Term
|
Definition
as bile acids are actively absorbed in the ilium, the
elevated blood levels stimulate further bile secretion by hepatocytes
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Term
| Higher blood bile acids act in an inhibitory fashion on |
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Definition
| the first enzyme (7-alpha hydroxylase) in the conversion of cholesterol into bile acids |
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Term
| Mediating factor of intestinal digestion |
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Definition
cholecystekinin
Secretin
High concentration of bile acids in portal blood |
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Term
| Mdiating factor in interdigestive period |
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Definition
| low concentration of bile acids in portal blood |
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Term
| Stimulus of intestinal digestion |
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Definition
fat digestion products in duodenum
Acid in duodenum
Absorption of bile acids in the distal part of ileum |
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Term
| Stimulus of interdigestive period of digestion |
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Definition
| low rate of release of bile to duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| MRP2 mediates organic anion export of |
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Definition
| divalent BS, BRDG, and glutathione |
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Term
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Definition
| organic cations and xenobiotics |
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Term
| MDR2 on the CM of hepatocyte transports |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| HCO3 (exits) with Cl (enters) |
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Term
| OATP1B1 on apical/luminal membrane of enterocytes in the ileum brings in |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| FXR has what effect on bile salt import proteins in elevated bile salt concentrations |
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Definition
| represses bile salt important proteins, while activating the genes for the BS exporting proteins on the basolateral membrane |
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Term
| FXR reduces the potential of systemic infection by |
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Definition
| maintaining the mucosal defense barrier and protecting the lower intestinal epithelium against bacterial overgrowth |
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Term
| Reduce liver cell destruction in cholestasis by |
|
Definition
| inhibition of the human cholesterol-7-alpha-hydroxylase gene promoter CYO7A1 by administration of Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 possibly via FXR |
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Term
| unabsorbed bile salts int he colon produce |
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Definition
| osmotic diarrhea, steatorrhea and loss of calcium and fat-soluble vitamins |
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Term
|
Definition
fasciculus solitarius in the dorsolateral border
of the lateral reticular formation of the medulla
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Term
| Chemoreceptor trigger zone for vomiting located in |
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Definition
| above medulla in the area postrema on the floor of the 4th ventricle |
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Term
| During retching intrathoracic pressure is |
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Definition
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Term
| During retching, intra-abdominal pressure is |
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Definition
| raised due to abdominal muscles strongly contracting |
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Term
| During retching stomach acid secretion ____ while mucus and salivary secretions _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Electrical stimulation of vomiting center results in |
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Definition
| projectile vomiting without retching |
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Term
| Caudal half of colon receives innervation by |
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Definition
| pelvic nerve parasympathetic preganglionic fibers |
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Term
proximal colon receives sympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers from the
|
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Definition
| superior mesenteric ganglion |
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Term
| the distal colon recieves sympathetic postgangionic nerve ffibers from |
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Definition
| the inferior mesenteric ganglion |
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Term
| the rectum and anal canal are innervated by sympathetic fibers from |
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Definition
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Term
| The striated muscle comprising the external anal sphincter is innervated by |
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Definition
| somatic fibers in the pudendal nerves |
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Term
| During defecation muscles of the pelvic floor |
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Definition
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Term
| In addition to the ENS, the defecation reflex is coordinated by: |
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Definition
| a spinal cord center which is facilitated or inhibited by the cerebral cortex |
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Term
| Gastrin influence on defecation |
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Definition
| increases motility of the ileum and relaxes the ileocecal sphincter |
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Term
| Epinephrine effect on defecation |
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Definition
| inhibits colonic motility and the prostaglandin E's decrease segmentation and increase peristalsis |
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Term
| examples of osmotic diarrhea |
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Definition
Lactose intolerance; sea water; MgSO
4; steratorrhea; post-prandi, aldumping syndrome
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Term
| secretor diarrhea examples |
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Definition
Bacterial toxins e.g., cholera (cAMP mediated Cl
-
secretion);
enteropathic E.coli (
↑[Ca++]
i); Gastrinoma; VIPoma
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Term
| malabsorptive diarrhea examples |
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Definition
| bile acid malabsorption, gluten enterophathy, cholelithiasis |
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Term
| Exudative diarrhea examples |
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Definition
Invasive organisms e.g., salmonella, amoeba histolytica, withinflammation and blood loss; influenza; Crohn’s Disease (ileitis);ulcerative colitis
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Term
| Excess motor activity diarrhea examples |
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Definition
| IBS, bacterial action on unabsorbed long-chain fatty acids, stress |
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Term
| Results of chronic diarrhea |
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Definition
| dehydration, hypokalemia, and acidosis, loss of water soluble vitamins, possible loss of Ca and fat soluble vitamins |
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Term
|
Definition
| absence of ENS in the internal anal sphincter and often rectum |
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Term
|
Definition
outpouchings of the mucosa through the muscular wall of the colon
maybe due to chronic high intraluminal pressure |
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Term
| Mucosal transporters in jejunum and ileum |
|
Definition
NHE- Na and H antiport
Na and gluc (a.a.) symport
K and Cl symport
H20 |
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Term
| Serosal transporters in jejunum and ileum |
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Definition
Na and K ATP dependent antiport
facilitated gluc (a.a) transporter
Facilitated Cl transporter
H20 |
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Term
| Mucosal transporters in ileum and colonbut not jejunum |
|
Definition
HCO3 and Cl antiport
Epithelial Na channel |
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Term
| Serosal transporter in ileum and colon but not jejunum |
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Definition
| NBC transporter- HCO3 and Na antiport |
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Term
| Colon does not have which transporter |
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Definition
| Na and gluc (a.a.) symport |
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Term
| Colon does have which transporter that the small intestine does not |
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Definition
| K and H antiport ATP dependent |
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Term
| Myenteric plexus is the same as: |
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Definition
| Auerbach's plexus (motor control of the longitudinal and circular muscles) |
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Term
| Parietal cell the same as: |
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Definition
| Oxyntic cell (secretes stomach acid) |
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Term
| Gastrin-releasing peptide is the same as |
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Definition
| GRP or bombesin (vagal mediator of gastrin release) |
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Term
| isomaltase is the same as |
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Definition
| alpha-limit dextrinase (exzyme at the surface of small intestine brush border) |
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Term
| fastric inhitory peptide is the same as |
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Definition
| glucose insulatropic peptide (during the intestinal phase of digestion these block acid secretion and increase insulin release) |
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Term
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Definition
increase acid
increase acid sec mucosa |
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Term
|
Definition
increase in bicarbonate and enzyme gallbladder contract
decrease in gastric emptying
decrease in appetite
increase in insulin |
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Term
|
Definition
increase of bicarbonate and fluid
decrease in acid
increase in cAMP via activation of AC |
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Term
| Effect of GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide) |
|
Definition
decrease in acid
increase in insulin |
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Term
|
Definition
increase intestinal secretions
Relaxes smooth muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
decrease acid
decrease gastrin sec
decrease insulin |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurocrines involved in GI control |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Paracrines involved in GI control |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| antral contractions block |
|
Definition
| gastric parietal cell and production of gastrin |
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|
Term
| dipeptidyl peptidase reduces ____ to _____ |
|
Definition
| oligopeptides to dipeptides |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Iron absorption highest in: |
|
Definition
| duodenum and first part of jejunum |
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Term
| Iron primarily absorbed in what form? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In blood iron is bound to: |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| abnormal iron accumulation that exceeds iron excretory capacity |
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Term
|
Definition
| genetic defect producing iron accumulation in vital organs, most seriously in the heart causing cardiomyopathy |
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Term
| Vitamin B12 is carried around circulatory system by |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Most to least salivary secretions at high flow rate |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Most to least gastric secretions at high flow rate |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Most to least pancreatic secretions at full flow rates |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| absorption is regulated by diet except for |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| crypt cells mature and migrate toward tip of vilus to become |
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Definition
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Term
| jejunum is important site for absorption of |
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Definition
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