Term
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Definition
1) father of American psychology
2) introduced experimental psych
3) influenced by Dawin-founder of functionalism; believed this was the fundamental purpose of psychologists
4) dualist but thought psychology should lay the mind-body problem aside
5) free will/automatic sweetheart
6) introspection
7) stream of consciousness
8) personal self and empirical self
9) James-Lange theory of emotion
10) distinguished between primary and secondary memory
11) pragmatist (but challenged himself with free will and automatic sweetheart) |
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Term
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Definition
1) founder of operant conditioning-realized classical conditioning did not account for majority of behaviors
2) radical behaviorist-everything an organism does (thinking and feeling0 is a behavior
3) determinist-no free will
4) skinner box
5) positive and negative, primary and secondary reinforcement
6) 3 important conditions of reinforcement
7) schedules of reinforcement
8) extinction favored over punishment (this was later challenged by others)
9) cueing
10) shaping
11) superstitious behavior
12) later influenced ABA
13) escape and avoidance learning |
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Term
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Definition
1) First empiricist-knowledge through sensory experiences (realism/naturalism)
2) form and matter-statue example
3) four causes
4) tripartate soul
5) proposed structure of mind/soul
6) monist-when body died soul died b/c body is matter of the soul and soul is form of body
7) psyche |
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Term
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Definition
1) father of psychoanalysis
2) responding to problem of hysteria
3) psychology is inward looking-not concerned with learning, reasoning, problem solving or behaviorism
4) moved from mechanist->determinist (rejected dualism)
5) psychic determinism
6) 5 therapeutic elements
7) topographical model
8) primary and secondary process
9) structural model
10) seduction theory
11) drive theory
12) psychosexual model |
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Term
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Definition
1) first rationalist-reality by looking inward
2) first nativist-belief in innate knowledge (Meno)-knowledge is unlocked
3) idealism-possibility of ideal world (reaction to political turmoil in 400 BCE-wrote the Republic)
4) Theory of forms
5) Allegory of the cave
6) Tripartate Soul
7) Chariot Analogy
8) eros
9) senses are opinions |
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Term
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Definition
1) dualism-separation of body and soul
2) opposed naturalism which suggested that you can break down soul into mechanical parts
3) I think therefore I am
4) mechanical-hydraulic theory
5) material things are real b/c God does not deceive. senses are not willed but come from outside the mind (response to skeptics)
6) 3 ways humans are different than animals
7) mind and body interact at pineal gland (ghost in the machine)
8) innate ideas developed through primary germs of truth
9) nativist
10) primary and secondary sense property
11) first modern psychologist(thought about thinking-introspection) |
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Term
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Definition
1) first British empiricist (1600s)
2) tabla rasa-mind is a blank slate impacted by experience-no innate ideas
3) left possibility that mind may have inborn tendencies to manipulate this information in certain ways
4) primary and secondary sensations
5) reflection
6) simple and complex ideas |
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Term
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Definition
1) distinguished between impressions and ideas
2) last British empiricist (built on Locke)
3) associationism
4) “ultimate empiricist” according to Wilhite; reject everything not found in nature; soul is not worth discussing
5) impressions vs. ideas
6) laws of association builds on Locke's complex ideas to establish unifying principle that connects different thoughts/ideas
7) 3 ways ideas are associated
8) mind is a collection of perceptions
9) habits become new way of forming conclusions without reflection or reason |
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Term
| William James' memory model |
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Definition
Primary memory-never left conscious awareness; available with little retrieval effort
Secondary memory-has been out of consciousness for some time and requires some retrieval effort |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud: all mental processes are not spontaneous but are determined by the unconscious or preexisting mental complexes (drives or previous experiences). It relies on the causality principle applied to psychic occurrences in which nothing happens by chance or by accidental/arbitrary ways |
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Term
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Definition
Freud:
unconscious is dynamic
3 levels of functioning: conscious, preconscious, unconscious
-unconscious is an area of highly active and powerful drives and forbidden wishes that generate pressure on the conscious. making the unconscious conscious in appropriate ways is the key to psychoanalysis. |
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Term
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Definition
Freud:
-id, ego and superego
-primary process id operates via the pleasure principle and is stopped by superego
-ego functions via secondary process according to the reality principle to promote healthy expression of unconscious drives |
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Term
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Definition
oral (0-1.5)
anal (1.5-3)
phallic (3-6)
latency (7-puberty)
genital (adolescence) |
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Term
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Definition
Freud:
-mechanical model of behavior whereby forces exert pressure on the mind that must be let out |
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Term
| therapeutic elements of psychoanalysis |
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Definition
Freud:
-dream analysis
-free association
-interpretation
all try to make unconscious conscious |
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Term
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Definition
James:
higher processes were developed over the years by evolution because of their adaptive value. the focus of psychology should be on what function mental processes are serving. structuralists ask "what is consciousness?"; James asks "what is consciousness for?" |
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Term
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Definition
James' challenge to mechanistic views:
"if you had a machine that acted as your lover, but then someone told you it was a machine, would you love it anymore" |
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Term
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Definition
James:
any theory that proves itself more successful in predicting and controlling our world than its rivals can be considered nearer to the truth |
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Term
| James-Lange theory of emotion |
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Definition
emotions are secondary to the act of doing something
see bear->run->interpret as fear (this can be tied to later two-factor model) |
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Term
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Definition
| in James' theory, it separates one's consciousness from that of others, giving it the quality of "me-ness" |
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Term
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Definition
| in James' theory, the aspects of the self that are researchable. includes the material self, social self and spiritual self |
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Term
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Definition
James:
our continued consciousness of our distinct thoughts. even though they seem distinct, they still flow together. consciousness is active and not passive (differs from aristotle and baddely models in which there are distinct stages) |
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Term
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Definition
| Plato's idea that reality consists of ideas that exist externally in God, while material objects are transient and illusory (dualist). There are ideal or perfect forms for everything, but these don’t exist in the real world |
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Term
| How we know what we know according to Plato |
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Definition
| We know it inherently (nativism), but learning is remembering it (ex. Meno). Knowledge=memory |
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Term
| Senses according to Plato |
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Definition
| Rejected them as a way of knowing. They are essentially opinions because people can sense the same thing but interpret different things. |
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Term
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Definition
| Source of knowledge. Immortal. We know things because our souls bring ideas into our bodies when they enter them. We can use senses to help remember these ideas and use them as a guide to experience. |
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Term
| Most basic drive according to Plato |
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Definition
| Eros-desire to be united with ideal form exemplified by another. |
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Term
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Definition
Plato's concept.
1) appetitive-raw desires/self interest-gut/genitals (working class)
2) spirited-fame and glory (soldier)-chest/heart
3) rational-seeks truth (philosophical ruling class)-brain
all three parts must work in harmony to achieve good
He applied it socially in the republic |
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Term
| How we know what we know for Aristotle |
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Definition
| Observation, inductive reasoning (realism/naturalism) |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Aristotle, where ideas are FORMED. Ideas don't exist outside the mind. active mind is part of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
1) material-what it's made of
2) formal-it's shape
3) efficient-what moves the matter
4) final-how it fits into the greater scheme of things |
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Term
| Significance of four causes |
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Definition
| Something can only be know if all four of its causes are known. This further promotes empiricism because it emphasizes ideas as being in relationship to one another. |
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Term
| According to Aristotle, everything has ________ (2 things) |
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Definition
| 1) Potentiality-capability to be moved into something else 2) actuality-what it actually becomes (this is limited by its form)-here's where he kind of nods to Plato |
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Term
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Definition
| Aristotle: contains 3 faculties-common sense (sensory), imagination & memory |
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Term
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Definition
| Aristotle: only reason and logic-can exist without sensory input. active mind makes meaning of potential ideas stored in passive mind |
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Term
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Definition
Aristotle:
1)vegetative-plants, no senses
2)desiring-animal basic sensations can cause motion
3)rational soul-human, MAY be able to exist outside the body |
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Term
| Aristotle's laws of association |
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Definition
1) similarity
2) contrast
3) contiguity |
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Term
| Descartes' main source of knowledge |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Descartes: external stimulus can lead to response. Animals have only reflexes, no souls |
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Term
| How we learn/know what we know for Descartes |
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Definition
| Consciousness is inner mental space where we can observe ourselves (I think therefore I am). We can learn through introspection-this influences Wundt much later |
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Term
| When soul coexists with body |
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Definition
| Descartes: this is when you manufacture some ideas based on sensations, perceptions, experience, but higher abstract ideas are already innate to the soul |
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Term
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Definition
| Descartes: abstract ideas like infinity, perfection and soul must pre exist within the soul, otherwise we couldn't know them. however, they cannot exist full blown at first. we are born with "primary germs of truth" that help organize our experiences to understand these things |
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Term
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Definition
| Descartes: the junction of the soul and body- allows them to interact (dualism). |
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Term
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Definition
| Descartes: Body and soul are separate but interacting. Soul has free will, and people do wrong when intense passions produce commotions that override the soul’s control of the pineal gland, doing responses that are contrary to the soul’s natural good will (Plato was a dualist, but Descartes put the words to it first) |
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Term
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Definition
| Descartes: soul is within the body, self aware, and controlling the body |
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Term
| Primary and secondary sense properties |
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Definition
| Descartes: senses we get from the environment are primary; those we get from the mind are secondary |
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Term
| Locke: how we know what we know |
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Definition
| Experience. Sensation and reflection Mind is a blank slate. First we sense things, then we reflect. Perception via sensations is the first operation of all of our intellectual faculties, and the inlet of all of our knowledge |
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Term
| Primary vs secondary sensation |
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Definition
Locke:
primary=physical matter itself
Secondary=any characteristics that are not innate to what you are seeing (color, temperature etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
Both Locke and Hume:
Simple=single primary or secondary quality (shape, color etc.)
Complex=combination of several single qualities into a greater one (certain shapes and color combos are more beautiful) |
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Term
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Definition
Hume:
Impressions=any sensations/emotions we have in the moment (color, fear, desire)
Ideas=faint copies of impressions from previous experiences combined into concepts after the fact (hot+orange+danger=fire) |
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Term
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Definition
Hume:
1) resemblance (likeness)
2) contiguity (in time and space)
3) cause and effect (he thought this was really just contiguity though) |
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Term
| What James and Wundt have in common |
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Definition
-used techniques they called "introspection"
-had early labs
-both shifted focus of psychology back to consciousness (it was kind of lost with German mechanists and physiologists)
-both discussed free will |
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Term
| How James and Wundt saw consciousness differently |
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Definition
Wundt: mind does not exist without the body. Consciousness parallels process of nervous system and includes very basic elements of immediate experience combined to together (structurally)
James: consciousness is a constant flow of ideas (stream of consciousness)-can't be studied experimentally |
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Term
| James and Wundt differences on introspection |
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Definition
Wundt: very basic elements of physical life (press button when you recognize the tone)
James: "naturalistic introspection"-observe mental feelings in immediate retrospection |
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Term
| James and Wundt differences on free will |
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Definition
Wundt: simple, unthinking acts are volitional and impulsive, but complex mental processes can be more voluntary
James: free will choices generate nerve impulses which become more automatic each time we engage in them |
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Term
| James' impact on the field |
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Definition
-thought that all mental process were capable of becoming consciousness (precursor to Freud)
-James-Lange Theory of emotion
-founded functionalist camp (precursor to evolutionary psych)
-expanded ideas of what consciousness is
-increased attention to application of psychology |
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Term
| Source of knowledge for Hume |
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Definition
| mental habit. if you perform certain actions in certain circumstances, it leads you to repeat those actions in those circumstances and slowly generalize |
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Term
| Two sources of knowledge for Locke |
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Definition
| sensations (include primary and secondary qualities) and reflections (include simple and complex ideas) |
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Term
| mechanical hydraulics theory |
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Definition
| Descartes: animal spirits fill body, pass through nerves to muscles to account for reflexes. memory is like puncturing holes in the cloth, allows spirits to get through more easily. noticed in animals but does not account for higher order thinking |
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Term
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Definition
Hartley-neurophysiological explanations
Brown-secondary principles of association
Mills-contiguity can produce associations that are not directly experienced (secondary)
Bain-summation, creativity, reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| part of Plato's dialogues where he tells a story of Socrates showing a slave a geometric truth that he initially did not know, and the slave knowing it is right when he sees it. thus he must have "spontaneously recovered" the knowledge from his past life. shows nativism. |
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Term
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Definition
| belief in innate knowledge first proposed by Plato. we know what we know inherently and learning is really remembering |
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Term
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Definition
| first proposed by Plato. the idea that we can discover reality through looking inward/logic |
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Term
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Definition
| Plato's way of describing the soul. chariot is driven by rational soul which must control spirited soul and appetitive soul. bad behavior results in insufficient control (sounds like Freud's ego chariot metaphor) |
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Term
| Aristotle's structure of the mind/soul |
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Definition
| we don't actually perceive objects, but the qualities of the objects->recreated in the eye and travels to the heart (common sense organ) which combines all sensory information->common sense interacts with memories (stored perceptions) and imagination (recreated mental images)->info stored in passive mind->active mind makes meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| Aristotle's parts of the mind. Information from sensory experiences is stored in passive mind and is potential knowledge until the active mind makes meaning |
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Term
| 3 ways humans are different than animals |
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Definition
Descartes:
1) experience-humans have thoughtful awareness of their surroundings (self-awareness)
2) behavior-animals behave reflexively, humans can reason through novel situations (similar to vicarious trial and error)
3) language-critical to self-awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| Locke: the internal operations of our mind that give rise to simple or complex ideas. this is where he leaves some room for innate structures that help organize our experience. |
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Term
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Definition
Hume:
due to associations, they become a new way of forming conclusions without reflection or reason when similar circumstances are encountered |
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Term
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Definition
| "high city" usually used in reference to greek temple district |
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Term
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Definition
| a double theater--round or elliptical such that people sit around an arena |
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Term
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Definition
| curved or pointed structure that spans a space in lieu of a flat lintel. created from wedge-shaped blaocks called voussoirs |
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Term
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Definition
| lower of two lintels in the entablature |
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Term
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Definition
| central space in amphitheater where combats or violent sports were staged |
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Term
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Definition
| living room in roman house partially open to the sky |
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Term
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Definition
| low (shallow) relief carving |
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Term
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Definition
| mycenaean tomb built by corbelling then buried |
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Term
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Definition
| masonry support ot brace outward thrust from arches or vaulting |
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Term
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Definition
| top of a column that identifies architecture order (doric, ionic, corinthian) |
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Term
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Definition
| oval frame containing hieroglyphic letters to create a word |
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Term
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Definition
| a statue used in architecture as a supporting column |
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Term
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Definition
| auditorium seating in amphitheater or theater |
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Term
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Definition
| decorated ceiling with recessed panels (pantheon) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cantilevering stones gradually in construction over posts to alleviate weight on a lintel or dome or in a circle to create a beehive structure |
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Term
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Definition
| most elaborate greek order, popular in hellenistic period |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mesopotamian written language |
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Term
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Definition
| political treaty between athens and her greek neighbors under perikles |
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Term
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Definition
| simple and early greek order; capital resembles a cereal bowl |
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Term
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Definition
| half column carved on wall |
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Term
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Definition
| double lintel on top of columns in classical architecture |
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Term
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Definition
| the artificially created appearance of swelling in a stone column slightly above its base |
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Term
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Definition
| applying paint to wet plaster |
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Term
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Definition
| second lintel in an entablature-usually decorated |
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Term
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Definition
| professional, educated greek prostitutes |
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Term
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Definition
| carved images approaching full round character |
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Term
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Definition
| pool of collected rainwater in center of Roman atrium |
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Term
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Definition
| multi-story apartment building |
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Term
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Definition
| greek order with capital that resembles a scroll |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| top voussoir in a roman arch |
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Term
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Definition
| archaic greek statues of young women |
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Term
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Definition
| archaic greek statues of young men |
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Term
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Definition
| house for the dead in egypt |
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Term
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Definition
| space between triglyphs on Doric frieze |
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Term
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Definition
| massive gateway to egyptian temple with sloping walls |
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Term
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Definition
| the backdrop in a theatre which is customarily decorated with scenery |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| removing dirt or stone to create a tunnel into the earth |
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Term
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Definition
| baked clay as a medium of art |
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Term
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Definition
| buried corbelled dome used as tomb |
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Term
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Definition
| alternate with metopes in a doric frieze |
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Term
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Definition
| huge freestanding arches erected by emperors to recall their victories |
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Term
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Definition
| wedge shaped stones used to build an arch |
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Term
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Definition
| stautes that look like their clothes are wet to show anatomy under fabric |
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Term
| Barkley's Model of Behavioral Inhibition |
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Definition
Difficulty with behavioral inhibition (inability to stop/inhibit prepotent and ongoing responses and interference control) leads to problems with 4 things:
1)working memory-"recall past events to make prediction"-holding events in mind, manipulating/acting on these events, initiating complex bx sequences, hindsight, foresight, sense of time, organization of bx over time
2)self regulation of affect-"emotional self control"-objectivity/perspective taking, self regulation of drive, regulation of arousal
3)internalization of speech-"reflective problem solving"-reflection, rule governed bx, problem-solving, rule generation moral reasoning
4) reconstitution-"purposive bx"-analysis and synthesis of bx, translating verbal to behavioral fluency, bx simulations, syntax ofbx
All of these problems relate to motor control/fluency/syntax which would allow normal child to reengage following a disruption |
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Term
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Definition
1) genetics-behavioral inhibition is hereditary (57% chance if parent has ADHD; 80-90% chance if twin)
2) physiological
-lower electrical activity in frontal area
-lower blood flow in frontal area (planning/organizing/inhibiting) during tasks
3) external
-attention for bad behavior is reinforcing (these kids respond to attention rather than punishment)
-10:1 bad to good ratio
-classroom is often not structured
-highly sensitive to environment
-inconsistent rewards
-tasks not broken down
-families often reactive rather than proactive
-leads to difficulty with friends
-treated younger, hang out with younger kids |
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Term
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Definition
Three main aspects of all ADHD tx 1) Medication (stimulants)
2) Behavioral therapy-at home, school and with peers (does not reduce sx; reduces impact of sx)
a. Functional behavioral assessment
b. Appropriate use of consequences rather than punishments
i. Salient
ii. Specific
iii. Immediate
iv. Consistent
c. Reinforce discrete skills that will lead to success (4:1)-drill sandwich
d. Reinforce incompatible positive bx
e. Implement time management strategies
3) Get educational accommodations/special ed
Family School Success-12 session multisystemic approach
1) Group-Intros, use parent attention to shape bx
2) Family-Prepare for school consultation
3) School-Establish parent-teacher cooperation and daily report
4) Family-Develop understanding of positive reinforcement
5) Group-Introduce token economy
6) Group-Use functional assessments to define homework problems; establish hw ritual; guidelines for giving effective instructions
7) Family-Time management strategies for hw completion
8) Family-Review of practice/additional training problem solving
9) Group-Rational for using punishments and explanation of time out
10) School-Review daily report card
11) Group-Developing study skills (drill sandwich)
12) Group-Review; develop formula for success
Barkely’s Parent Training Program
1) Orientation and overview of ADHD
2) ABC model of change
3) Improving positive attitude
4) Improving child compliance/effective directions
5) Establishing a home token economy
6) Response cost for “infrequent big deals”
7) Using timeout
8) Managing bx in public places
9) School issues
10) Booster session
-additional: Robin's principles for parenting ADHD adolescent |
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Term
| aspects of behavioral treatment for ADHD |
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Definition
1) functional behavioral assessment (antecedent, behavior, consequence)
2) structure environment and positive reinforcement
3) improve specific skills (count before saying something, sitting in seat for time)-make sure they are measurable and positive skills ("dos", not "don'ts")
4) target behaviors that will lead to success and increase difficulty (4:1 ratio + to -; establish bottom-line rules
5) provide clear consequences (NOT punishments)-token economies
6) alter expectations/accommodating environments |
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Term
| parenting principles for the ADHD adolescent (Robin, 1998) |
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Definition
1) facilitate appropriate independence seeking
2) maintain adequate structure and supervision
3) establish bottom-line rules for living in the home and enforce them consistently
4) negotiate all other issues which are not bottom-line rules with your adolescent
5) use consequences wisely to influence behavior
6) maintain good communication
7) keep a disability perspective and practice forgiveness
8) focus on the positive |
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Term
| etiology of separation anxiety DO |
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Definition
• Genes probably have some role (estimated 73%) (see Kagen)-Show enhanced sensitivity to respiratory stimulation in response to CO2 enriched air
• Insecure ambivalent attachments also play a role
• Emerges after life stressor
• Parental influence (over-involvement, over-controlling, over-protective) predicts external LOC |
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Term
| treatment plan for separation anxiety DO |
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Definition
1) psychoeducation
2) developing a secure attachment with parent
3) parental training on parenting style, limiting response from parents
4) Coping Cat-CBT model to develop new coping strategies
5) Exposure therapy MUST BE graded, in-vivo and massed to break pattern of negative reinforcement
6) work with school; get a buddy, graded exposure in school
7) medication not first line of tx |
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Term
| etiology of specific phobia |
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Definition
1) genetic-some general hereditary vulnerability but content does not run in family (except blood/injection/injury)
2) biology-brain areas impacted=limbic system, amygdala, insular cortex
3) two factor theory of anxiety-fear developed through classical conditioning/social/observational learning; avoidance maintained through operant conditioning (negaitve reinforcement); avoidance is effective in short term |
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Term
| treatment plan for specific phobia |
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Definition
1) psychoeducation
2) behavioral therapy w/ 3 components
a) contingency management-positive reinforcement for contact with stimulus
b) modeling-watching others confront it
c) systematic desensitization-associate fear stimuli with relaxation
3) SSRI outperform placebo, but not first line of tx |
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Term
| etiology of social anxiety DO |
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Definition
1) genetics-account for 50% of variance-high levels of behavioral inhibition (early temperament), Gray's BIS
2) specific psychological vulnerability-2 factor theory of anxiety (established through classical conditioning, maintained through operant)
3) Parental influence:
-parents more likely to be controlling (decreased autonomy)
-overprotective and restrictive, communicating overestimation of danger
-high levels of criticism when expectations not met
-model support of avoidance responses
-avoidance of emotional discussions
4) reciprocal-child's disposition can help bring out this kind of parenting |
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Term
| treatment plan for social anxiety DO |
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Definition
1)assess for co-occurring problems
2)psychoeducation
3)CBT
a) modeling
b) emotion regulation
c) exposure (group tx)
d) parent training
4)Coping Cat (16 sessions) on teaching FEAR and exposure
5) SSRI outperform placebo, but not first line of tx
6) work with the school |
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Term
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Definition
psychoed acronym used in coping cat for social anxiety and GAD:
-Feeling frightened (identify emotions)
-Expecting bad things to happen (recognize negative thoughts)
-Attitudes and action that will help (modify negative thoughts)
-Results and rewards (judge effectiveness, reward exposure) |
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Term
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Definition
3 major risk factors (but limited evidence for genetic link)
1) difficult temperament (Kagen)
2) overactive behavioral inhibition (Gray)
3) parent-child interaction problem
And Behavioral hypothesis of GAD
REINFORCED through behavioral hypothesis of GAD-worry is a form of avoidance that is maintained via negative reinforcement. Worry is a way to avoid solving the problem, taking action |
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Term
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Definition
1) referral often comes from gastrointestinal doctor
2) Coping Cat-education (FEAR) and exposure (graded, in-vivo, massed)
3) include parents in tx (outcome doubles)
4) SSRI outperforms placebo, but not first line |
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Term
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Definition
3 theories:
1)triple vulnerability model-
a) genetics
b)general vulnerability of Kagen and Gray w/ disposition to respond to fear and also to perceive anxiety as extremely upsetting and aversive
c) specific vulnerability to be more likely to pick up internal cues of panic and catastrophic thinking
2) expectancy theory of panic
-Anxiety sensitivity
-Pay very close attention to biological cues
-Cognitive distortions of personalization and catastrophic thinking
3) parenting (transactional theory)
-mislabel experience
-catastrophic thinking is modeled
-negative reinforcement for avoidance of places |
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Term
| treatment plan for panic DO |
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Definition
CBT with 4 components:
1) relaxation training (deep breathing, imagery, PMR)
2) interoceptive exposure (produce physiological panic symptoms and use relaxation)
3) cognitive restructuring (address catastrophic thinking)
4) graded exposure to address agoraphobia
meds not first line of treatment. some support for SSRIs, but they may interfere with bx treatments. |
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Term
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Definition
1) moderate genetic heritability (68% of twins, 10-25% have parents with OCD)
2) biology-neuropsychiatric disorder of
a) cortico-ganglionic-thalamic circuit; feedback loop gets stuck or hiccups and brain continues to signal a problem
b) very low serotonin levels
3) two factor theory explains specific manifestation (through classical conditioning pairing stimuli w/ anxiety) and maintenance through negative reinforcement
4) cognitive distortions of inflated responsibility for misfortune and thought action fusion
5) social learning, modeling from parents |
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Term
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Definition
CBT with 3 (maybe 4) components:
1)info gathering and psychoeducation-determine specific nature of obsession/compulsion (Y-BOCS); map where it occurs and externalize it (give it a name); explain links between thoughts, feelnigs and behavior
2)exposure and response prevention-use extinction through graduated hierarchy; relaxation COUNTERINDICATED
3)generalization training/relapse prevention-identify "formula for success" and parent involvement and psychoed to encourage maintenance behaviors.
4) older children can use cognitive techniques
-limited support for SSRI-POTS study shows meds+CBT has best outcome |
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Term
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Definition
1) Biology
o Genes
o NTs (serotonin, norepinephrine)
2) Psychological
o Coping styles
o Behavioral models (learned helplessness)
o Cognitive/info processing
o Stress
o Attachment
o Family problems
o Interpersonal models
3) Hammen and Rudolf Model
o Family experiences (attachment/interactions) lead to maladaptive cognitions about self, other and future
o Dysfunctional relationships and negative cognitive styles interfere with development of emotional and bxal regulation
o Cognitive, behavioral, emotional and social elements interact with life stress and/or depression
o Elements are transactional in nature
4) Ekman-emotions make a statement about the context you are in and your relationship to it. in the case of depression, sadness tells you it sucks and you can't do anything about it, and has three functions:
-internal organization: depressed people become apathetic because they cant do anything about it
-social communication
-signal for help |
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Term
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Definition
-assessment is important because it is difficult to get information about internalizing sx from kids. need to use multiple sources (KSADS, Achenbachs, CDI)
-Prozac approved for kids (small advantage, but may increase suicidal ideation)
1) CBT with 7 parts
1)psychoed
a)emotion identification training
b)social problem solving training
c)coping skills
d)cognitive restructuring
e)behavioral activation
f)interpersonal skills
OR
2) Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)-better for adolescents. four themes
a)grief and loss
b)interpersonal role disputes( communication, friends, flexibility)
c)role transitions
d)interpersonal deficits |
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Term
| etiology/function of self-injurious behavior |
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Definition
-onset usually in mid-adolescence
-4 functions:
1)avoid emotional pain, cope w/ distress
2)self-punishment
3)desire to feel something/neutralize numbness
4)secondary gain/attention (4%) |
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Term
| treatment of self injurious bx |
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Definition
-determine and focus on the function and the emotion tied to the behavior rather than the fact of it
-nudge the client toward eliminating self-injury and identifying new ways to feel better
-decrease conflict in key relationships
-parent training
-DBT, 4 parts
1)mindfulness
2)interpersonal effectiveness
3)emotion regulation
4)distress tolerance |
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Term
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Definition
-thorough assessment
-hospitalization if threat is imminent
-safety plan: make environment safe, recognize triggers, build internal and external coping strategies |
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Term
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Definition
1) genetics (50% of variance due to genetics)
2) temperament (difficult to soothe, strong willed, very high or low emotional activity, emotionally reactive-quick to cry, easily frustrated)
3) normal infants begin to control emotion by relying on external emotion (parents), but these kids don't, and do not learn self-regulation
4) maintained through coercive cycle |
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Term
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Definition
1) Family based behavior therapy (Barkley's parent training manual for defiant children); 4 goals
a)improve parent management skills through: positive statements, token economy, setting rules, time outs, providing choices for non-important behaviors
b)psychoed about coercive cycle
c)increase family harmony (special time together)
d)increase child compliance
2) Problem Solving Skills Training appropriate for older kids
-work with school for classroom management |
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Term
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Definition
for life course persistent:
1) genetic-runs in family
2) precursors in early childhood (difficult to soothe, irritable)
3) neurobiological-low hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activation causes lack of feelings of stress (for LCP)
4) Gray's theory: they have over active BAS (pleasure center in hypothalamus) and underactive BIS
5) problems with social informational processing
6) parenting problems
7) high crime neighborhoods have fewer resources, less than optimal monitoring and less effective social control networks |
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Term
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Definition
1) Parent management training
2) parent-child interaction therapy (first 2 similar to ODD)
3) Multisystemic therapy (MST)-home based system with multiple therapists; difficult to implement
4) Problem Solving Skills Training |
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Term
| etiology for autism (internal factors) |
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Definition
1)specific genetic predisposition
a)autosomal dominant trait with incomplete penetrance
b)chromosomal abnormalities
c)metabolic disorders (PKU)
d)in utero-viral infections (rubella, CMV)
2)excessive male hormone exposure in utero (boys 4x as likely)
3)nerological deficits
a)atrophy of cerebellum
b)lower activation of fronto-parietal, basal ganglia and thalamus
c)poor interconnectedness on EEG
d)possible limbic system findings
e)increased ventricular size |
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Term
| etiology for autism (external factors) |
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Definition
-parental hardship (blaming, mourning, guilt)
-inappropriate response to environment (caregivers don't know how to handle)
-anxiety can manifest in controlling behavior |
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Term
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Definition
-Applied behavior analysis (Lovaas)-teach discrete behaviors through operant conditioning
-TEACCH-community based treatment that coordinates education, job placement, doctors appts, OT, PT and speech therapy
-Floor Time (Greenspan)-psychodynamic approach that trains caregiver and therapist gets on floor to ineract with kid
-Relationship Development Intervention (Gutstein)-use of interactive, overdramatic, silly behaviors for eliciting interaction; you keep getting into the kids' space until they interact
-LEGO clubs-use LEGOs as a vehicle to help kids interact by assigning each kid a task (designer, builder, materials etc.) |
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Term
| best practices according to committee on educational interventions for children with autism |
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Definition
-early identification
-intensive behavior approach
-structure, repeat, plan
-low student-teacher ratio
-high parent involvement
-constant monitoring/feedback |
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Term
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Definition
-difficult temperament
-30% genetics
-risk factors: preexisting phobias, preexisting anxiety/depression, amt and type of exposure, degree of contact
-trauma effects on the brain: overactive amygdala triggers stress response (HPA axis, cortisol release) which increases arousal causing hypervigilance, exaggerated startle, stress sensitivity, intrusive images
-cognitive appraisal, personal relevance and emotional avoidance immediately after predict PTSD development
-degree of contact matters |
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Term
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Definition
Trauma focused CBT-4 phases:
1) psychoed, normalization
2) teach coping skills (relaxation, self-talk)
3) exposure (imaginal, narrative)
4) identification/modification of maladaptive cognitions
Must also work with parent:
-sensitivity to vicarious traumatization
-distress of parent predicts worse outcomes so we need to resolve their emotional reactions
-skill building, develop parental support
-behavioral management
-reintroduce consistency, structure, normalcy
-correct cognitive distortions
Get community involved to establish supportive environment (post-impact phase psychological first aid) |
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Term
| anorexia etiology (internal factors) |
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Definition
-genetics-4-11x higher if family member has eating DO
-serotonin dysregulation
-timing of puberty
-perfectionism (low body satisifaction and high self-criticism)
-sensitive to stress
-need for control/rigid
-resistance to change (linked to control) makes it ego syntonic
-low self-esteem leads to overvaulation of body weight
-disordered eating is negatively reinforced (loss of weight=less bad feelings about self) |
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Term
| anorexia etiology (external factors) |
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Definition
-tripartate model of external factors: peers, parents, media
-sociocultural theory: starts with thin ideal->dietary restricitions are means to obtain->negative affect is result of inefficient problem solving
-dysfunctional relationships
-family problems
o Authoritarian parents
o High value placed on achievement and obedience
o Chaotic and stressed homes
o Rigid, overcontrolling and intrusive parents
o High level of attention paid to physical appearance
o Insecure attachment
o Unhealthy eating patterns modeled
-more common in higher SES |
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Term
| inpatient treatment plan for anorexia |
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Definition
-overcome fear of gaining weight through highly structured and reinforced eating
-psychoeducation
-groups w/ supportive confrontation
-CBT, relaxation
-family therapy
-nutritional consultants |
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Term
| outpatient treatment plan for anorexia |
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Definition
-structural family therapy (limited efficacy) attempts to improve communication, facilitate autonomy and decrease enmeshment
-Maudsley approach (better efficacy): directly addresses disorder by externalizing it. parents regain control over teen's eating in phase 1 and responsibility is gradually shifted back to teen in phase 2 |
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Term
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Definition
CBT or Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
-CBT uses cognitive and behavioral techniques to alter the relationship among mood, cognition and eating and to decrease restriction and purging
-IPT uses a medical model. identifies 2 out of 4 relationships interacting with illness:
1) grief
2) role transition
3) role disputes
4) interpersonal deficits
*CBT outperformed IPT at initial assessment, but IPT caught up |
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