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| matter moves passively from higher to lower concentrations until equilibrium |
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| water goes through semipermeable membrane from higher to lower concentrations until equilibrium |
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| passive movement from greater to lesser fluid pressure |
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| What two processes move materials into and out of the cell? |
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| Facilitated diffusion and active transport |
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| both facilitated diffusion and active transport require this to move materials into and out of the cell, are embedded in the cell membrane |
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| uses carrier protein permease, moves molecules from higher to lower concentrations, does not require ATP |
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| Which mode of transportation of materials into and out of the cell does not require ATP? |
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| Which mode of transportation of materials into and out of the cell does require ATP? |
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| uses carrier protein, requires ATP, can move up or down the concentration gradient |
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| moving molecules from outside the cell to inside the cell within a transport vesicle, requires ATP |
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| "cell drinking", proteins are swallowed by the cell |
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| "cell eating", cell engulfs large particles |
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| Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis |
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| forms vesicles at the cell surface by binding specific molecules (ligands) with receptor molecules |
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| a means of dividing the cell so that the new cells each receives a full set of duplicate chromosomes, replication of DNA, 1 mother cell = 2 daughter cells with exact copies of the chromosomes |
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| Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
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| not a stage of mitosis, when duplication of DNA occurs, diploid 2n |
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| nuclear membrane disappears, nucleolus disappears, centrioles migrate to the poles, chromatin becomes chromosomes |
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| chromosomes line up at equatorial plate, spindle fibers attach to centromeres, each chromatid faces opposite poles |
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| centromeres split, chromatids separate and are chromosomes, which are pulled to the poles by the spindle fibers |
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| chromosomes reach poles, nuclear membrane and nucleolus begin to re-appear, chromosomes begin to unwind back to chromatin, cytokinesis continues, 2 cells are present |
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| a means of dividing the cell so that each new daughter cell receives 1/2 the full set of chromosomes, has 2 cellular divisions, and 4 cells, daughter cells have 23 chromosomes |
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| How many chromosomes are there at the Interphase stage? Chromatids? |
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| How many chromosomes are in the Prophase stage? Chromatids? |
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| How many chromosomes are in the Metaphase? Charomatids? |
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| How many chromosomes are in the Anaphase? Chromatids? |
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| How many chromosomes are in the telophase? Chromatids? |
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| How does Meiosis differ from Mitosis? |
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| has 2 cellular divisions, creating 4 new cells; chromosomes line up and separate twice making daughter cells with 23, not 46, chromosomes |
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| lines hollow structures, covers body surfaces, makes glands, secretes, absorbs, filters, and protects |
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| exocrine and endocrine in function |
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| 4 types of Epithelium tissue |
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| Simple Squamous Epithelium, Simple Columnar Epithelium, Simple Cuboidal Epithelium, Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
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| Simple Squamous Epithelium |
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| single layer, flattened cells, lines body cavities, blood vessels, portions of the kidney tubules, alveoli, and inner lining of cornea; reduces friction, absorption, secretion, filtration |
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| Simple Columnar Epithelium |
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| single layer, tall, columnar-shaped cells; lines intestines, stomach, gallbladder, uterine tubes, and collecting ducts of kidneys; protection, secretion, and absorption |
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| Simple Cuboidal Epithelium |
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| single layer, cube-shaped cells; lines kidney tubules, makes up glands, ducts, thyroid gland; secretion and absorption, limited protection |
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| Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
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| multiple layers of flattened cells; located on the surfaces of the skin, lining of the mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, and vagina; physical protection against abrasion, pathogens, and chemicals; function is protection |
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| cellular component, fibrous component, and ground substance or matrix |
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| Kinda of Connective Tissues |
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| Loose Connective Tissues or Areolar, Dense Fibrous, Blood, Cartilage, Bone (Osseus), Fat (Adipose) |
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| Loose Connective Tissue or Areolar |
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| where two tissues are joined together; located around blood vessels and nerves and between skin and muscles; fibroblast cells; cushions organs, provides support but permits independent movement; phagocytic cells provide defense against pathogens |
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| characterized by a fibrous component (collagen);(does not have elastic fibers); provide firm attachment, conducts pull of muscle, reduces friction between muscles, stabilizes position of bones |
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| tendons, ligaments, wraps nerves and blood vessels |
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| liquid ground substance, fibrous material shows up during clotting |
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| firm ground substance, no blood vessels, found in respiratory tract, tip of nose and ears, ends of long bones; provide stiff but somewhat flexible support; cell = chondrocyte |
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| calcified ground substance; cell = osteocyte |
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| characterized by the cellular components; cell = adipocytes; specialized for lipid storage, found under skin, around kidneys, and around the eye; insulate, cushion, and store energy |
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| Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac, Nervous |
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| voluntary, striated, highly organized contractile elements; attached to the skeleton, movement |
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| involuntary, less organized, located in walls of hollow structures (intestines, blood vessels); moves food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions, controls diameter of respiratory passageways and of blood vessels |
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| involuntary, found in walls of the heart, circulates blood, maintains blood pressure |
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| communicates iht and coordinates the body; found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves; neurons function of conduct nerve impouses |
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| lines cavities or hollow structures that open to the surface of the body (mouth, anus, GI tract, vagina) |
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| line cavities or hollow structures that do NOT open to the body surfaces (thoracic and abdominal cavities |
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| Synovial, cutaneous, periosteum |
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| located at freely movable joints |
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| integumentary system, includes the skin, functions to protect and cover the outside of the body |
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