Term
| The cardiovascular System consists of |
|
Definition
Pump (heart)
Conduction system (blood vessels)
Fluid (blood) |
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Term
|
Definition
specialized fluid of connective tissues
contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix |
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Term
|
Definition
Transportation of dissolves substances
Regulation of pH and ions*** |
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Term
| Bloods Transports these materials: |
|
Definition
Oxygen & Co2
Nutrients
Hormones
Immune System Components
Waste products |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
water
dissolved plasma proteins
other solutes |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| 3 Things that make up Formed Elements |
|
Definition
RBC (red blood cells)
WBC (white blood cells)
platelets |
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Term
|
Definition
aka erythrocytes
transport oxygen |
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Term
|
Definition
aka leukocytes
Part of immune system |
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Term
|
Definition
| cell fragments involved in clotting |
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Term
|
Definition
| process of producing formed elements by myeloid & lymphoid stem cells |
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Term
| 2 Cells in the WBC Category |
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Definition
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
Basophil
Eosinophil
Neutrophil |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| 3 Physical Characteristics of Blood |
|
Definition
38*C (100.4*F) normal body temp
high viscosity
Slightly alkaline pH (7.35-7.45) |
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Term
| Normal Blood Volume for Male & Female |
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Definition
Male = 5-6 liters
Female = 4-5 liters
Usually 7% of body weight in kg |
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Term
|
Definition
Interstitial fluid (IF)
Plasma |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
fluid section of blood
makes up 50-60% of blood volume |
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Term
| What materials plasma & IF exchange across capillary walls |
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Definition
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|
Term
Composition of plasma
2 things |
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Definition
water- more than 90%
plasma proteins |
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Term
Plasma Proteins
3 of them |
|
Definition
| Albumins Globulins Fibrinogen |
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Term
|
Definition
60% of plasma transport substances such as fatty acids, thyroid hormones, and steroid hormones
Made in liver |
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Term
|
Definition
35% of plasma
antibodies (immunoglobulins)
transport globulins (small molecules), lipoproteins, hormone-binding proteins. |
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Term
|
Definition
4% of plasma
molecules that form clots and produce long, insoluble strands of fibrin |
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Term
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Definition
| liquid part of a blood sample in which dissolved fibrinogen has converted to a solid fibrin |
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Term
|
Definition
1% of plasma
changing quantities of specialized plasma proteins
Peptide hormones normall present in circulating blood
ex. Insulin, prolactin, TSH, FSH, LH |
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Term
| Origins of Plasma Proteins |
|
Definition
More than 60% made in liver
Antibodies made by PLASMA CELLS
Peptide hormones made by endocrine organs |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up 99.9% of blood's formed elements |
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Term
| Red Blood Cells are made up of |
|
Definition
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Term
Red Blood Cell Count
Male & Female |
|
Definition
the # of RBC in 1 microliter of whole blood
Male= 4.5-6.3 million
Female= 4.2-5.5 million |
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Term
|
Definition
Red pigment that gives whole flood its color
Binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide |
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Term
|
Definition
(packed cell volume)
Percentage of RBC in centrifuged whole blood |
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Term
| Hematocrit for Male & Females |
|
Definition
Males= 40-54
Females= 37-47 |
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Term
|
Definition
Small and highly specialized discs
Thin in middle and thicker at edge |
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Term
| Three Imp Effects of RBC shape on function |
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Definition
High Surface to volume ratio
Discs (RBC) form stacks called rouleaux
Discs bend and flex entering small capillaries |
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Term
| High surface to volume ratio |
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Definition
| Quickly absorbs and releases oxygen |
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Term
| RBC form from stacks called Rouleaux |
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Definition
| smooth the flow through narrow blood vessels |
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Term
| Discs bend and flex entering small capillaries |
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Definition
| 7.8 um RBC passes through 4 um capillary |
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Term
|
Definition
Since they lack nuclei, mitochondria & ribosomes
No repair & anaerobic metabolism
Live ~ 120 days |
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Term
|
Definition
| protein molecule that fills about 1/3 of RBC cytoplasm & transports respiratory gases |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Complex quarternary structure:
Four globular protein subunits (2 alpha & 2 beta chains) |
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Term
|
Definition
| one molecule of hemoglobin |
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Term
| Each heme contains 1 _____ ion |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Associate easily with oxygen
Dissociate easily from oxygen |
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Term
|
Definition
carries oxygen
with low oxygen (peripheral capillaries) |
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Term
|
Definition
Hemoglobin releases oxygen
Binds carbon dioxide & carries it to lungs
which forms carbaminohemoglobin |
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Term
|
Definition
strong form of hemoglobin found in embryos
Takes oxygen from mother's hemoglobin |
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Term
|
Definition
1% of circulating RBC wear out per day
About 3 million RBC per second |
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Term
| Hemoglobin Conversion & Recycling |
|
Definition
Macrophages of liver, spleen & bone marrow
These monitor RBC
Engulf RBC before membranes rupture |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| hemoglobin breakdown products in urine due to excess hemolysis in bloodstream |
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Term
|
Definition
| whole red blood cells in urine due to kidney or tissue damage |
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Term
|
Definition
Biliverdin (green) is converted to bilirubin (yellow)
Bilirubin is excreted by liver (bile)
Converted by intestinal bacteria to urobilins and stercobilins |
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Term
| Phagocytosis of Hemoglobin Conversion |
|
Definition
Phagocytes break hemoglobin into components
Globular proteins to amino acids
Heme to biliverdin
Iron |
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Term
|
Definition
| caused by bilirubin buildup |
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Term
|
Definition
Iron removed from heme leaving biliverdin
To transport protein
To storage protein |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| cause our pee to be yellow |
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Term
|
Definition
| make our stools brown/black |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Occurs only in myeloid tissues (red bone marrow) in adults |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
Stem cells in myeloid tissue divide to produce?
2 things |
|
Definition
Myeloid stem cells become RBC's and some WBC's
Lymphoid stem cells become lymphocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Myeloid stem cell -> Proerythroblast -> Erythroblasts -> Reticulocyte -> Mature RBC |
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|
Term
| Building red blood cells requires |
|
Definition
Amino acids
Iron
Vitamins B12, B6 & folic acid |
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Term
| Vitamins B12, B6 & folic acids deal with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Low RBC production
Due to unavailability of vitamin B12 |
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Term
|
Definition
ESH
Secreted when oxygen in peripheral tissues is low (hypoxia)
Due to disease or high altitude |
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Term
|
Definition
are cell surface proteins that identify cells to immune system
Normal cells are ignored and foreign cells attacked by immune system |
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Term
|
Definition
Genetically determined
By presence or absense of RBC surface antigens |
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Term
|
Definition
Antigens on surface of RBC
Screened by immune system
Plasma antibodies attack and agglutinate (clump) foreign antigens |
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Term
|
Definition
AKA D antigen
Rh + or Rh - |
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Term
| Only sensitized ____ blood has anti-Rh antibodies |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| testing for transfusion compatibility |
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Term
| Cross Reactions in Transfusions |
|
Definition
Occur if donor and recipient blood types not compatible
Without cross match, type )- is universal donor |
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Term
|
Definition
Leukocytes
Do NOT have hemoglobin
Have nuclei and other organelles |
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Term
|
Definition
Defend against pathogens
Remove toxins and wastes
Attack abnormal cells |
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Term
|
Definition
Connective Tissue proper
Lymphatic system organs |
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|
Term
| Four Characteristics of Circulating WBC |
|
Definition
Can migrate out of bloodstream
Have amoeboid movement
Attracted to chemical stimuli
Some are phagocytic |
|
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Term
|
Definition
50-70% of WBCs Lysosomal enzymes & hydrogen peroxide First to attack bacteria Engulf and digest pathogens Degranulation Form pus
INCREASE WHEN BACTERIAL INFECTION PRESENT |
|
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Term
|
Definition
removing granules from cytoplasm
Defensins (peptides from lysosomes) attack pathogen membranes |
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Term
|
Definition
Acidophils
2-4% of WBCs
Excrete toxic compounds (nitric oxide & cytotoxic enzymes)
^ when allergies present |
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Term
|
Definition
Less than 1% of WBCs
Releases histamine
Releases heparin |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
20-30% of WBCs
Migrate in and out of blood
Bodies specific defense system |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
cell mediated immunity
Attack foreign cells directly |
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Term
|
Definition
Humoral immunity
Differentiate into plasma cells
Synthesize antibodies |
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Term
|
Definition
Natural Killer
Detect and destory abnormal tissue cells (cancer) |
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Term
|
Definition
Detects changes in WBC populations
Infections inflammation, & allergic reactions |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Leukopenia
Leukocytosis
Leukemia |
|
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
originate from hemocytoblasts
Which produce progenitor cells called myeloid stem cells & lymphoid stem cells |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| produce all WBCs except lymphocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
| WBCs except monocytes develop in bone marro |
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Term
| Monocytes develop into _________ in ____________ tissues |
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Definition
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Term
| Colony Stimulating Factors |
|
Definition
| hormones that regulate blood cell populations |
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Term
|
Definition
Cell fragments involved in clotting system
Nonmammalian vertebrates have thrombocytes (nucleated cells)
Removed by spleen |
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Term
|
Definition
| abnormally low platelet count |
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Term
|
Definition
| Abnormally high platelet count |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Release important clotting chemicals
Temporarily patch damages vessel walls
Reduce size of break in vessel wall |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| giant cells in bone marrow manufacture platelets from the cytoplasm |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vascular
Platelet
Coagulation |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Endothelial cells contract and expose basement membrane to bloodstream |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Release chemical factors ADP, tissue factor & prostacyclin
Release local hormones
Stimulate smooth muscle contraction and cell division |
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|
Term
| Endothelial plasma becomes ? |
|
Definition
sticky
it becomes this way because it seals off the blood flow |
|
|
Term
Platelet Phase
2 portions. |
|
Definition
within 15 seconds after injury
Platelet adhesion
Platelet aggregation |
|
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Term
|
Definition
attachment
to sticky endothelial surfaces
to basement membranes
exposed collagen fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stick together
forms platelet plug which closes small breaks |
|
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Term
|
Definition
ADP
Thromboxane A2 & Serotonin
Clotting factors
Platelets-dervied growth factor
Calcium ions |
|
|
Term
| Limiting the Growth of Platelet plug |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
released by endothelial cells
inhibiting platelet aggregation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Begins 30 seconds or more after injury |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chain reactions of enzymes and proenzymes
Form 3 pathways
Convert circulating fibrogen into insoluble fibrin |
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|
Term
| ________ _________ are required for normal clotting |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin __ are essential to clotting process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Extrinsic
Intrinsic
Common Pathway |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Begins in the vessel wall
Outside cell
Damaged cells release tissue factor |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Begins with circulating proenzymes
inside bloodstream
Platelet release factors PF-3 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Where intrinsic & extrinsic pathways converge
Forms enzyme prothrombinase
Converts prothrombin to thrombin
Thrombin converts fibrogen to fibrin |
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Term
| Why is blood shaped like that? |
|
Definition
| Biconcave because largest surface area. Important for speed of diffusion faster for oxygen |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| when antibody & antigen attach |
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Term
|
Definition
| makes rest of formed elements that lymphoid doesnt make |
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|
Term
| ____ % of blood is plasma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ % of plasma is made of water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ produces EPO that deal with the production of RBC. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
immature red blood cell
1% of blood sample |
|
|
Term
| Kidney processes __ / __ of our blood per minute? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Damaged RBC are taken to what organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
how carry Iron in the blood & liver
used to check anemia |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| made of emulsified lipids (fats) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 150,000 - 500,000 per microliter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
more active
stop bleeding faster
causes contraction that stops bleeding |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| cellular function, particularly of neutrophils and monocytes, whose phagocytic activity is influenced by chemical factors released by invading microorganisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
continuous bleeding
Factor 8** |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| carries blood to and from gas exchange surfaces of lungs |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| carries blood to and from the body |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| networks between arteries and veins |
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Term
|
Definition
| membrane covering the heart |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| inner layer of pericardium |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fibrous tissue
Surrounds and stabilizes heart |
|
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Term
| Where is the parietal cavity located? |
|
Definition
Between parietal & visceral layer
containing pericardial fluid |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| divides atria & ventricles |
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Term
| Anterior & Posterior Interventricular Sulcus |
|
Definition
| Separate left & right ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
simple epithelial cells
covers the heart chambers |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| interconnect cardiac muscles cells |
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|
Term
| Where is oxygenated blood found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bands around the heart
stabilized valves
Electrically insulate ventricular cells from atrial cells |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| action potential able to go through this in the heart |
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|
Term
| The cell is negative because? |
|
Definition
3 K+ going out of cell
2 Na coming into |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ ventricle is thicker |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collects blood from systemic circuit |
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Term
|
Definition
| pumps blood to pulmonary circuit |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| collects blood from pulmonary circuit |
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Term
|
Definition
| pumps blood to systemic circuit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
between atria & ventricles
unidirectional |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves
cusps like tripod |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
blood from 3 vessels
superior, inferior, and coronary sinus |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| before birth, opening thru interatrial septum |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| after birth this opening closes off |
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|
Term
| Right Atrioventricular Valve |
|
Definition
tricuspid valve
found right atrium to right ventricle |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| into left and right pulmonary veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
supplies blood to muscle tissue of heart
coronary arteries and cardiac veins |
|
|
Term
Left Coronary Artery
2 Brances |
|
Definition
Circumflex Artery
Anterior interventricular artery |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| when two arteries connect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
partial or complete blockage of coronary circulation
caused by plaque in vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temporary ischemia develops when the workload of heart increases |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| crisis develops as a result of thrombus formation at a plaque |
|
|
Term
Damaged myocardial cells release
Enzymes? |
|
Definition
Cardiac troponin T
Cardiac troponin I
CK-MB |
|
|
Term
| 2 Types of Cardiac Muscle Cells |
|
Definition
Conducting System
Contractile Cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
controls and coordinates heartbeat
stimulates contractionS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce contractions that propel blood |
|
|
Term
| First part of cardiac cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| junction between atria and ventricles |
|
|
Term
| Conducting Cells Location |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
work like a wire to conduct the electrical impulse
in the atrium- internodal pathways |
|
|
Term
| The ONLY electrical conductance between Atria and Ventricle is via the ____ ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SA Node -> AV Node -> bundle Branches -> Purkinje Fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
posterior wall of right atrium
contain pacemaker cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| determines the heart rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ % of ventricles filled during diastole |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atrial ventricular valve closing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood ejected by ventricle each beat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of blood the heart pumps within 1 minute |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carries impulse to left and right bundle brances and to the moderator band |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
distribute impulse through ventricles
atrial contraction is completed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally slow heart rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally fast heart rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
high rate of action potentials
bypass conducting system |
|
|
Term
| SA node produce a ________ rate of A.P. |
|
Definition
faster
leader
70-100 A.P. per minute |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recoding electrical events in the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
250-300 msec
30 times longer than skeletal muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| Role of Calcium Ions in Cardiac Contractions |
|
Definition
increase in calcium ion concentration around myofibrils
1. 20% of calcium ions required for contraction
2. Arrival of extracellular Ca2+ |
|
|
Term
| ________ __________ ___________ is very sensitive to extracellular Ca2+ concentration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ca2+ enter
Slow calcium channels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small branching vessels with high resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ cells provide a pathway for spreading excitation through the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapidly conduct A.P. intiated by pacemaker cells to myocardium |
|
|
Term
| ________ ______ are linked by gap junctions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SA node -> right atrium -> left atrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Down bundle of His
Up Purkinje fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____________ of the P is masked by the Q, R, S |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pace generated by SA node |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cardiac Muscle Cells
PQRST |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased permeability to sodium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased permeability to sodium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increased permeability to calcium
decreased permeability to potassium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increased permeability to potassium
decreased permeability to calcium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resting membrane potential |
|
|
Term
| During all 5 phases _______ _______ ________ channels are always open |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ inside muscle cells means contraction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excitation- Contraction Coupling |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mechanical Events of Cardiac Cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AV valve opens and blood moves from atria to ventricle |
|
|
Term
| Isovolumetric Ventricular Contraction |
|
Definition
ventricle contract
increasing pressure
AV & semilunar vales closed
Blood volume stays the same |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pressure ventricles -> Pressure arteries
Semilunar valves open |
|
|
Term
| Isovolumetric Ventricular Relaxation |
|
Definition
Vetricles relax and decreases pressure
AV and semilunar valves closed
Blood volume stays the same |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
S1
soft lubb
Closure of AV valves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
S2
Louder dubb
closure of semilunar valves |
|
|
Term
| Extrinsic Regulation of C.O. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intrinsic Regulation of C.O. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ ______ firing rate determines the H.R. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SA node under control of _________ __________ ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases conduction velocity through node |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease conduction velocity through node |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
N.E. binds to Beta 1 receptors
Increases cardiac contractility
Hormones: thyroid hormones, insulin, glucagon increase force contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
changes in EDV = preload
Factors affecting filling time, atrial pressre, Central venous pressure |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Increased Sympathetic Effects on Contractibility |
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Definition
Increased epinephrine release
Increased strength of contraction
Increased rate of contraction
Increased rate of relaxation |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in EDV causes stroke volume to increase |
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Term
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Definition
Viruses
bacteria
Fungi
Parasites |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to resist infection and disease |
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Term
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Definition
part of immune response
identify, attack, and develop immunity to a SPECIFIC pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
smallest thickness of outside
there is NO pump, just pressure from organs, tissues, muscles move the lymph through the body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
B cells stay in bone marrow
T cell stay in thymus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Lymph always goes into _________ vessel |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Organization of the Lymphatic System |
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Definition
Lymph
Lymphatic Vessels
Lymphoid Tissues
Lymphoid Organs |
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Term
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Definition
connective tissue (capsule)
ex. spleen, lymph node |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria & fungi out of lymph |
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Term
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Definition
Phagocytes and other lymphcytes in the spleen
Identify and attack damaged and infected cells |
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Term
| 3 Functions of the Spleen |
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Definition
Removal of abnormal blood cells by phagocytosis
Storage of iron recycled from RBC
Initiation of immune responses by B cells and T cells |
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Term
| Lymphatic Capillaries made of ___________ cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Base of the thoracic duct expands into the _________ _______ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
receives lymph from right and left lumbar trunks
Intestinal trunk |
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Term
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Definition
| allows phagocytes to engulf pathogen |
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Term
| What thing causes a fever in blood? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
blockage of lymph drainage from a limb
causing swelling |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| migrate through the body to defend peripheral tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| fight with foreign bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| give us immunity to foreign substance, if contacted with again. |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulate function of T & B cells (immunity) |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibit function of T cells and B cells |
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Term
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Definition
helper and suppressor T cells
control sensitivity of immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| when fighting antigen it converts to plasma cell to create antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
responsible for surveillance
attacking virus infected cells and cancer cells |
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Term
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Definition
creation of lymphocytes
within:
bone marrow
thymus
lymphoid tissues |
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Term
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Definition
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
associated with digestive system |
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Term
| Aggregated Lymphoid Nodules |
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Definition
| clustered deep to intestinal epitelial lining |
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Term
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Definition
| made up of a mass of fused lymphoid nodules |
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Term
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Definition
L & R tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)
2 lingual tonsils |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| carry lymph from peripheral tissues to lymph node |
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Term
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Definition
leave lymph node at hilum
away |
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Term
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Definition
| shallow indentation where blood vessles and nerves reach the lymph node |
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Term
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Definition
chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes
possibly indicate infections, endocrine disorders or cancer |
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Term
| Thymus is divided into ____ lobes |
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Definition
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Term
| The thymus __________ after puberty |
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Definition
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Term
| T cells migrate into the __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Spleen is attached to the stomach by _________ _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Splenic Circulation empties into ___________ ______ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Innate
Adaptive
Active
Passive |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies developed after exposure to antigen |
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Term
| Naturally Acquired Active |
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Definition
| through environmental exposure to pathogens |
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Term
| Artificially Induced Active |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies transferred from another being |
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Term
| Naturally acquired passive |
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Definition
| antibodies acquired from the mother |
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Term
| Artificially induced passive |
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Definition
| by an injection of antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
Skin
Phagocytes
NK cells
Interferons
Complement System
Inflammatory Response
Fever |
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Term
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Definition
| attack and remove dangerous microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
| attracted or repelled by chemicals in surrounding fluids |
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Term
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Definition
| when phagocyte attaches to a target |
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Term
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Definition
neutrophil and eosinophil
leave bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
derived from monocytes
distributed throughout the body |
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Term
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Definition
aka histiocytes
Microglia
Kupffer Cells |
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Term
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Definition
| five complement proteins join to form this |
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Term
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Definition
travel throughout the body
alveolar macrophages (dust cells) |
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Term
| Immunological Surveillance |
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Definition
constantly monitors tissues
by NK cells
Vesicles release proteins called perforins |
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Term
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Definition
| some cancer cells avoid NK cells |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins released by activated lymphocytes and macrophages and trigger production of antiviral proteins in normal cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
produced by leukocytes
stimulate NK cells |
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Term
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Definition
secreted by fibrocytes
slow inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
secreted by T cells and NK cells
Stimulate macrophage activity |
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Term
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Definition
chemical messengers released by tissue cell
coordinate local activities |
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Term
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Definition
assist antibodies in destruction of pathogens
Two pathways |
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Term
| 2 Pathways of Complement System |
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Definition
Classical pathway
Alternate Pathway |
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Term
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Definition
slow method exposed to antigen
ex properdin |
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Term
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Definition
T cells
cells involved in specic defenses |
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Term
| Antibody mediated immunity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
makes 80% of all antibodies
able to pass through placenta |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| first antibody secreted after antigen encountered |
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Term
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Definition
| glandular secretion (breast milk, tears) |
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Term
| ___ stays longer in the system |
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Definition
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Term
| Functions of Antigen-Antibody Complexes |
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Definition
1. Neutralization of antigen binding sites
2. Precipitation and agglutination - formation of immune complex
3. Activation of complement
4. Attraction of phagocytes
5. opsonization increasing phagocyte efficiency
6. Stimulation of inflammation
7. Prevention of bacterial and viral adhesion |
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Term
| Secondary Response Antibody |
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Definition
| very rapid increase in IgG antibody |
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Term
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Definition
| protein at surface of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| in all membranes of all cells that have a nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| grab abnormal protein and bring to surface so immune can tell that cell/infection needs to be killed |
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Term
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Definition
antigen presenting cell
ex. Macrophages
Able to engulf bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| found in membranes of APC's |
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Term
| More than ___ types of CD markers |
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Definition
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Term
| This marker is found in all T cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| found on cytotoxic cells and suppressor T cells |
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Term
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Definition
seek out and immediately destroy target cells
secrete lymphotoxin to destroy target cell |
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Term
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Definition
produced by cytotoxic T cells
stays in circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| takes about two weeks to develop peak antibodies |
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Term
| Mother's Milk Provides ______ antibodies |
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Definition
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