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| the science of the structure of living organisms |
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| the science of the functioning of living organisms |
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| the smallest part of an element; indivisible by ordinary chemical means |
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| the basic biological unit of living organisms, containing a nucleus and a variety of organelles enclosed by a limiting membrane |
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| particle consisting of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds |
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| a group of similar cells specialized to perform a specific function; primary tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues |
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| a part of the body formed of two or more tissues that performs a specialized function |
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| a group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function; e.g., nervous system |
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| an individual living thing |
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| a state of body equilibrium or stable internal environment of the body |
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| an organ, gland, or muscle capable of being activated by nerve endings |
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| a corrective mechanism that opposes or negates a variation from normal limits |
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| feedback that tends to cause a variable to change in the same direction as the initial change; enhances the stimulus |
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| below, in reference to a particular structure, with the body in the anatomical position |
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| farthest from the point of attachment of a limb or origin of a structure |
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| the sum total of the chemical reactions that occur in the body |
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| some type of sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment |
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| any of the building blocks of matter; oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, for example |
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| substance composed of two or more different elements, the atoms of which are chemically united |
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| an atom with a positive or negative electric charge |
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| ionic compound that dissociates into charged particles (other than hydrogen or hydroxyl ions) when dissolved in water |
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| a substance that accelerates a specific chemical reaction but that is not altered by the reaction |
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| a compound that lack carbon; for example, water |
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| a compound containing carbon; examples include proteins, carbohydrates, and fats |
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| a homogenous mixture of two or more components |
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| subatomic particle that bears a positive charge; located in the atomic nucleus |
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| nonsymmetrical molecules that contain electrically unbalanced atoms |
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| the symbol for hydrogen ion concentration; a measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution |
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| a fundamental particle that does not carry a positive or a negative charge |
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| (1) a chemical reaction that occurs between an acid and a base; (2) blockage of the harmful effects of bacterial exotoxins or viruses by the binding of antibodies to their functional sites |
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| dissociation; the breakdown of a molecule in solution to form ions |
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| anything that occupies space and has mass |
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| a substance formed by living cells that acts as a catalyst in bodily chemical reactions |
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| weak bond in which a hydrogen atom forms a bridge between two electron-hungry atoms; an important intramo-lecular bond |
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| a substance that accepts hydrogen ions; proton acceptor; compare with acid |
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| a substance that liberates hydrogen ions when in an aqueous solution; compare with base |
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| a substance that breaks down into ions when in solution and is capable of conducting an electric current |
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| these vary in the number of neutrons they contain and they are different atomic form of the same element |
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| the spreading of particles in a gas or solution with a movement toward uniform distribution of particles |
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| the diffusion of a solvent through a membrane from a dilute solution into a more concentrated one |
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| the passive movement of a substance across a cell membrane by means of a protein carrier |
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| an organ specialized to secrete or excrete substances for further use in the body for elimination |
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| net movement of a substance across a membrane against a concentration or electrical gradient; requires release and use of cellular energy |
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| dense structure, composed of tightly coiled DNA strands and associated histones, that become visible in the nucleus when a cell prepares to undergo mitosis or meiosis; normal human somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes a piece |
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| regional differences in the concentration of a particular substance |
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| a substance that breaks down into ions when in solution and is capable of conducting an electric current |
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| DNA; a nucleic acid consisting of a chain of nucleotides that contain the sugar deoxyribose and the nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine |
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| the substance of a cell other than that of the nucleus |
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| excessive, above normal, tone or tension |
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| below normal tone or tension |
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| having a uniform tension; of the same tone |
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| any sheet or partition; a layer consisting of an epithelium and the underlying connective tissue |
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| the division of the cell nucleus; often followed by division of the cytoplasm of a cell |
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| specialized structures in a cell that perform specific metabolic functions |
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| a group of similar cells specialized to perform a specific function; primary tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues |
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| the skin and its accessory organs |
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| the deep layer of the skin; composed of dense, irregular connective tissue |
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| bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton |
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| the deposition of calcium salts within a tissue |
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| cord of dense fibrous tissue attaching a muscle to a bone |
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| joint; point where two bones meet |
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| the bones of the skull, vertebral column, thorax, and sternum |
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| a small sac filled with fluid and located at friction points, especially joints |
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| dense bone that contains parallel osteons |
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| the study of the structural features of the body without the aid of a microscope |
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| a form of cartilage growth through the growth, mitosis, and secretion of chondrocytes in the matrix |
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| a bone cell responsible for the maintenance and turnover of the mineral content of the surrounding bone |
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| a system of interconnecting canals in the microscopic structure of adult compact bone; unit of bone |
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| incomplete bony basin formed by the two coxal bones that secures the lower limbs to the sacrum of the axial skeleton |
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| immovable fibrous joint that connects the bones of the adult skull |
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| a fluid secreted by the synovial membrane; lubricates joint surfaces and nourishes articular cartilages |
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| that portion of the body trunk above the diaphragm and below the neck |
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| a cord of fibrous tissue that connects bones |
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