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| In the hypothalamus- Its nuclei include centers concerned with a wide variety of visceral functions...What are they? |
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Definition
- Hormone secretion
- Autonomic effects
- Thermoregulation
- Food and water intake
- Sleep and circadian rhythms
- Memory
- Emotional behavior and sexual response
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| a very small mass of tissue composed mainly of the pineal gland, the habenula (a relay from the limbic system to the midbrain), and a thin roof over the third ventricle. |
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| the largest and most conspicuous part of the human brain. |
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| allows greater amount of cortex to fit in the cranial cavity |
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| The folding of the cerebral surface into the gyri |
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| This extensive folding is one of the greatest differences between the human brain and the relatively smooth-surfaced brains of most other mammals |
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| lies immediately behind the frontal bone, surperior to the eyes |
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forms the uppermost part of the brain and underlies the parietal bone
Primary site for recieving and interpreting signals of the general senses |
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at the rear of the head, caudal to the parieto-occipital sulcus and underlying the occipital bone.
Principle visual center of the brain |
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lateral, horizontal lobe deep to the temporal bone, seperated from the parietal lobe above it by a deep lateral sulcus.
Concerned with hearing, smell, learning, memory, and some aspects of vision and emotion |
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small mass of cortex deep to the lateral sulcus, made visible only by retracting or cutting away some of the overlying cerebrum
plays roles in understanding spoken language, in the sense of taste, and integrating sensory information from visceral receptors |
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Definition
| Most of the volume of the cerebrum is... |
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| What is the cerebral white matter composed of? |
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Definition
| Glia and myelinated nerve fibers that transmit signals from one region of the cerebrum to another and betwen the cerebrum and lower brain centers. |
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| What types of tracts do the fibers in the cerebral white matter form? |
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Definition
Projection Tracts
Commissural Tracts
Association Tracts |
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| carry information between the cerebrum and the rest of the body |
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Cross from one cerebral hemisphere to the other through bridges called commisures.
Enable two sides of the cerebrum to communicate with each other. |
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connect different regions within the same cerebral hemisphere.
Link perceptual and memory centers of the brain (smell, name, and imagine a rose) |
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| a layer covering the surface of the hemispheres |
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have spheroidal somas with dendrites projecting for short distances in all directions.
concerned largely with receiving sensory input and processing information on a local level |
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| tall and conical, apex points toward the brain surface and has a thick dendrite with many branches and small, knobby dendritic spines. |
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| include the output neurons of the cerebrum--the only cerebral neurons whose fibers leave the cortext and connect with other parts of the CNS |
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| about 90% of the human cerebral cortext is a six layers tissue called the |
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| Masses of cerebral gray matter buried deep in the white matter, lateral to the thalamus |
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| caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus |
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| The putamen and globus pallidus together are also called the |
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is an important center of emotion and learning
ring of structures on the medial side of the cerebral hemisphere, encircling the corpus callosum and thalamus |
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| arches over the top of the corpus callosum in the frontal and parietal lobe |
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| immediately rostral to the hippocampus, also in the temporal lobe |
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| more significant roles in emotion and memory |
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| recorded with electrodes on the scaplt, rhythmic voltage changes resulting predominantly from synchronized postsynaptic potentials in the superficial layers of the cerebral cortext. |
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| Electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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Definition
| Useful in studying normal brain functions such as sleep and consciousness, and in diagnosing degenerative brain diseases, metabolic abnormalities, brain tumors, trauma, and so forth. |
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| the complete and persistent absence of brain waves is a common clinical and legal criterion of...? |
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frequency of 8-13 Hz
recorded in the parieto-occipital area
person is awake and resting, with the eyes closed and the mind wandering
(absent during deep sleep) |
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frequency of 14-30 Hz
occur in the frontal to parietal region
Accentuated during mental activity and sensory stimulation |
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frequency of 4-7 Hz
Normal in children and in drowsy or sleeping adults
predominance of theta waves in awake adults suggest emotional stress or brain disorders |
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"slow waves"
frequency of less than 3.5 Hz
Infants exhibit delta waves when awake
Adults exhibit them in deep sleep
Predominance of delta waves in awake adults indicate serious brain damage |
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| can be defined as a temporary state of unconsciousness from which one can awaken when stimulated |
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marked by events that reoccur at intervals of about 24 hours
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- One feels drowsy
- Thoughts come and go
- One awakens easily if stimulated
- Alpha Waves on EEG
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- One passes into deep sleep
- About 20 min. after stage 1
- Theta and Delta waves occur in EEG
- Muscles relax
- Vital signs fall
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- One passes into light sleep
- EEG declines in frequency but increases in amplitude
- 1-2 seconds of sleep spindles
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- Also called slow-wave sleep
- EEG dominated by low frequency, high-amplitude delta waves
- Muscles are now very relaxed
- Vital signs are at their lowest
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| Rapid Eye Movement (REM SLEEP) |
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Definition
| About 5 times a night, a sleeper backtracks from state 3 or 4 to stage 2 and exhibits this. |
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| Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) |
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Definition
located just above the optic chiasm in the anterior hypothalamus.
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| the range of mental processes by which we acquire and use knowlege--sensory perception, thought, reasoning, judgment, memory, imagination, and intuition. |
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| Functions of cognition are widely distributed over regions of the cerebral cortext called |
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| Parietal lobe lesions can cause what? |
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| people to become unaware of objects, or even their own limbs, on the other side of the body (contralateral neglect syndrome) |
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| Temporal lobe lesions cause what? |
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| Agnosia, the inability to recognize, identify, and name familiar objects. In prospagnosia, a person cannot remember familiar faces, even his or her own reflection in a mirror. |
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| Front lobe lesions can cause what? |
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| May produce profound personality disorders and socially inappropriate behavior |
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| One of the cognitive functions, but warrants special attention. |
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| injured people are either unable to stor new information |
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| unable to recall things they knew before the injury |
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| defects in declarative memory (the ability to describe past events) |
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| _____________ of the limbic system is an important memory-forming center |
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| It does not store memories, but it organizes sensory and cognitive experiences into a unified long-term memory |
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| Process of "teaching the cerebral cortext" until a long-term memory is established is called |
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| Lesions of the hippocampus can cause... |
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Definition
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| Median forebrain bundle (electrode is implanted in the area of an animals hypothalamus called the median forebrain bundle) |
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Definition
| The animal is placed in a chamber with a foot pedal wired to that electrode. When the animal stepson the pedal, it recieves a mild electrical stimulus to the MFB. Apparently the sensation is strongly rewarding, because the animal soon starts to press the pedal over and over and may spend most of its time doing so--even to the point of neglecting food and water. |
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