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Definition
The prime mover muscle that provides major force of specific movement.
The muscles that oppose of reverse a particular movement. |
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| Muscles ___ because they contract |
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| Muscles PULL (they do NOT push) |
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| Help the prime movers by adding extra force to the movement or by reducing undesirible/unnecisary movement. |
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| Muscle shapes: convergent |
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| Associated with bones, body regions, shape of muscle, size of muscle, the direction that the fibers run, the number of muscle origins, location of origin or insertion, and even action. |
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Definition
| Consists of the brain and spinal cord & is the integrationg and command center of the nervous system |
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Definition
| Outside the CNS. Two divisions; 1) the sensory (afferent) carries impulses toward the CNS & located throughout the body 2) the motor (efferent) division of the PNC that carries impulses from CNS to the effector organs (which are muscles and glands). |
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| The divisions of the motor (efferent) PNS |
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Definition
Divided into; the somatic nervous system (SNS) which consists of somatic nerve fibers that conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles to allow voluntary control of motor activities.
And the Autonomic nervous system (ANS) which allows the involuntary movement of visceral motor nerve fibers that regulate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands. |
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Definition
| Neurons are the main nerve cells (axon, nucleus, dendrites). Neuroglia (glia cells) are support cells for neurons and there are many kinds. |
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| Neuroglia of the CNS that regulate the chemical environment around the neurons and exchange between neurons and capilaries (most abundant) |
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| Neuroglia of the CNS that monitor health and perform defense functions for neurons |
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| Neuroglia cells of the CNS that line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord and help circulate cerebrospinal fluid (typically line cavities with CSF) |
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| Neuroglia cells of the CNS that wrap around neuron fibers and form mylein sheaths. |
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| Neuroglia cells of the PNS that are found surrounding neuron cell bodies and their function is largely unknown. |
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| Nueroglia cell of the PNS that surround nerve fibers and form myelin sheaths (with nodes). |
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Definition
| Specialized cells that conduct messages in the form of electrical impulses. Have a; neuron body (soma or perikaryon) which contains organelles, dendrites which are the receptive regions of the cell, an axon which generates and conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body to the axon terminals, and a myelin sheath which is a fatty covering that insulates and increases condution of axons. |
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| Multipolar, bipolar and unipolar neurons |
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Definition
| Multipolar have 3 or more processes, bipolar have single axon & dendrite, unipolar have single process extending from the cell body that is associated with receptors at the distal end |
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| 3 types of structural neurons |
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Definition
| Sensory; conduct impulses toward the CNS (afferent). Motor; conduct impulses away from the CNS (efferent). Interneurons; conduct impulses between sensory and motor neurons or in CNS pathways |
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Term
| Voltage (membrane potential) |
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Definition
| The measure of the amount of difference in electrical charge between 2 points (which is called the potential difference). |
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| Current (membrane potential) |
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Definition
| Is the flow of electrical charge from point to point (and is dependent on voltage and resistance). In the body, electrical currents are due to the movement of ions across the cellular membranes. |
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| Chemically, voltage, and mechanically gated channels |
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Definition
| Chemically gated channels open when apporopriate chemical binds (ex neurotransmitters). Voltage gated open in response to change in membrane potential. Mechanically gated open when a membrane receptor is physically deformed. |
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Term
| Resting membrane potential |
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Definition
| The flow of ions across the membrane creates electrical currents. The degree of difference between the highly (-) inside of the cell than the more (+) charge outside of the cell is what creates the resting membrane potential. This potential is generated by differences in ionic makeup of intracellular and extracellular makeup and certain membrane permiability of solutes. |
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Definition
| CNS is just the CNS PNS has a sensory (or afferent) division and a motor (efferent) divison |
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| Thick axons VS. thin axons |
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Definition
| Thick axons have faster action potentials because the surface area is larger, myelin makes it faster. |
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| A junction that mediates information transfer between neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell. |
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| Neurons conducting impulses toward the synapse. |
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| Neurons carrying impulses away from the synapse |
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| Have neurons that are electrically coupled via protein channels and allow direct exchange of ions from cell to cell. |
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| are specialized for release and reception of chemical neurotransmistters |
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| between axon endings and axon cell body (soma) |
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| synapses between the axon endings of one cell and the dendrites of another |
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| Least common, synapse between dendrites of an axon to another axon |
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| There are a few different kinds; but they take incoming information and relay the information to other areas. |
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| Diverging circuts (neuronal pools) |
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Definition
| Common in sensory and motor pathways, they are amplifying. They have an incoming fiber that triggers responses in ever-increasing numbers of fibers along circuts. |
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| Converging circuts (neuronal pools) |
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Definition
| Common in sensory and motor pathways. Have a reception of input from many sources and funneling into a given circut. |
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| Reverberating circuts (neuronal pools) |
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Definition
| Have axon collarerals to pervious points in te pathway resulting in ongoing stimulation of the pathway |
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| Parallel circuts (neuronal pools) |
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Definition
| May be involved in comples activities, characterized by stimulation of several neurons arranged in parallel arrays b stimulation neuron. |
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| Reflex arc. Exemplified by spinal reflexes and involves sequential stimulations of neurons in a circut. |
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Definition
| Results in inputs stimulation many pathways simultaneously, vital to higher level mental functioning. |
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