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| includes the brain and spinal cord |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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| includes the 12 pair of cranial nerves and the 31 pairs of spinal nerves |
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| Neurons are the _____ tissue cells that create action potentials that we call nerve impulses |
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| neurons differ in ____ and ____ |
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| receive stimuli and carry information towards the CNS |
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| neurons that receive stimuli and carry information towards the CNS (afferent pathway) |
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| neurons within the CNS--also called association neurons |
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| neurons carrying action potentials towards the effectors (muscle or gland) down an efferent pathway |
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| carrying action potentials towards the effectors |
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| other cells found within nervous tissue that are not excitable and serve the functions of guiding, supporting, nourishing, and protecting the neurons |
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| mature neurons that do not divide |
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| tumors that arise from neuroglial cells |
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| astocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells are all ________ |
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| neuroglial cell that forms scar tissue, located between neurons and blood vessels, metabolize glucose, and regulates K+ concentration |
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| neuroglial cell that forms the myelin sheath |
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| neuroglial cell that supports and phagocytizes foreign material |
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| neuroglial cells that are ciliated and line ventricles and modify the CNS |
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| located only within the PNS and form the myelin sheaths around axons |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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| relays information between tissues and the CNS |
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| bundle of axons in the PNS |
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| a bundle of nerve axons surrounded by connective tissue |
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| the bundles of axons within the brain and spinal cord |
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| carrying information to the CNS |
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| controlling skeletal muscles and spinal reflexes |
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| controls involuntary body functions |
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| sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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| 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system |
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| __________ of the ANS release different neurotransmitters at the target tissue and have opposite effects |
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| the body maintains homeostasis by adjustments of ____ divisions of the ANS |
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| involves 2 neurons, one with the cell body inside the CNS, the second with the cell bodies forming ganglia outside of the CNS |
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| 75% of ________ innervation is through the vagus nerve |
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| in this part of the ANS, the first neuron is long and the ganglia are located near the organs innervated; the neurotransmitter released at the target issue is acetylcholine and the effect can be excitatory or inhibitory depending on the receptor in the target issues. |
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| _______ nerves arise from the brain stem and sacral region of the spinal cord |
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| part of the ANS, the first neuron originates in the thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord and is short; ganglia formed by the bodies of the second neurons tend to run alongside the spinal column |
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| neurotransmitter released at the target tissue is norepinephrine and may be excitatory or inhibitory depnding upon the type of receptors (ANS) |
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| (ANS) the adrenal medulla is the ganglia of the second neurons and releases 25% norepinephrine and 75% epinephrine (adrenaline) that boosts the sympathetic response. |
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| norepinephrine and epinephrine |
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| are slow to be removed from the synaptic cleft, so the sympathetic response is more long lasting that the parasympatic where ACh is removed immediately by acetylcholinesterase |
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| most complex and largest part of the nervous system |
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| contains centers associated with sensations, issues motor commands, and carries on higher mental functions |
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| __ pairs of cranial nerves connecting the brain to parts in the head, neck, and trunk |
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| 2 hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum |
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| outer layer of the cerebrum that is a thin layer of gray matter (cell bodies) near the surface |
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| gray matter in cerebral cortex |
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| consists of the myelinated nerve fibers that connect neurons and communicate with other body parts |
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| has sensory, motor, and association centers |
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| divided into lobes by fissures |
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| elevations on surface of cerebral cortex |
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| depressions on the surface of the cerebral cortex |
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| the lobes of the cerebrum are named for ____ |
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| contains sensory, motor, and association area, which are connected to one another |
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| reflex center, coordinates skeletal muscle movements and maintains equilibrium |
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| contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and limbic region |
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| relay center for information to various parts of the brain |
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| maintains homeostasis, controls body temperature, sleep, appetite, sexual desire, and emotions such as fear and pleasure |
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| emotions and short term memory |
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| extends from base of cerebrum to spinal cord |
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| spreads throughout and keeps the brain alert and connected (brainstem) |
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| reflex centers for eye and head movement |
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| bridges and modifies respiration |
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| vasomotor, cardiac, and respiratory centers and reflexes for coughing, sneezing, vomiting, etc. |
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| spinal cord is composed of __ segments each giving rise to a pair of spinal nerves |
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| provides a two-way communication between the brain and structures outside of the nervous system |
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| bone and protective membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord |
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| tough mother--outer layer |
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| constantly being produced in the ventricles (interconnected cavities) of the brain from blood plasma and fills the space between the arachnoic and pia mater |
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| produces cerebral spinal fluid |
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| carry impulses toward the brain |
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| carry impulses to the muscles and glands |
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| many of the fibers in the ____ cross over in the spinal cord and brain |
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| contains sensory information--each nerve in the spinal cord emerges from ____ ___ |
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| containing motor information |
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| all spinal cord nerves are ___ ___ |
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| most spinal nerves combine to form ____ that direct impulses to a particular body part |
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| the _____ nerves may be sensory, motor, or mixed |
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| There are many ____ scattered throughout the white matter of the brain. |
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| automatic, unconscious responses to stimuli |
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| usually contains a receptor, a sensory neuron, interneurons in the NS, a motor neuron, and an effector (muscle or gland) |
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| A ___ may involve the brain or it could be a spinal reflex |
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| resting membrane potential |
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| All cells have ____ ____ _____ with the outside of due tothe Na+/K+ pump pumps 3Na+ out and 2 K+ in the cell membrane being more positive than the inside of the cell membrane |
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| the outside of the cell membrane being more positive than the inside due to the Na+/K+ pump pumps 3Na+ out and 2 K+ in |
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| the Na+/K+ pump pumps _ Na+ out and _ K+ in |
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| maintains the resting membrane potential and requires ATP |
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| excitable cells such as muscle fiber and neurons can have their resting membrane potential _____ |
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| chemically gated ion channels |
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Definition
| neurotransmitters binding to a receptor or a receptor being stimulated by some form of energy opens the ________ ______ ____ ______ |
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| If Na+ enter the difference between the outside of the cell membrane and the inside becomes less, ___ may be reached. |
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| when threshold is releases it is _____ |
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| the voltage gated Na+ channels open and a large influx of Na+ causes a reversal of the polarity |
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| when reversal of polarity occurs (depolarization), it is an ___ ____ that is recrated as it travels down the axon of the neuron. |
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| action potentials are _______ (all same size and traveling the same direction) |
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| There must be a refractory period during which the neuron is ________ |
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| absolute refractory period |
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| means that it is impossible to create another action potential |
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| relative refractory period |
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| follows the absolute refractory period during which another action potential might be created |
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| threshold; excitable state |
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Definition
| since the electrochemical gradient is closer to _____, it is easier to create another action potential and the neuron is said to be in an ______ ________ |
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| the only way to indicate the size of the stimulus is to increase the ____ of the action potential |
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| the action potential causes an ___ __ ___ that causes the neurotransmitter to be released into the synaptic cleft |
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| myelated axons (saltatory conduction) |
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Definition
| In ________ _____, the action potentials are recrated only at the nodes, so the conduction is much more rapid (this is called ______ ______) |
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| some receptors open channels that let K+ out of the cell and increase the difference in polarity --this makes it more difficult to reach threshold and create action potentions and are ______ |
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| a neuron might be receiving ___ excitatory and inhibitory graded potentials from neurotransmitters binding to different types of receptors |
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| the excitatory and inhibitory graded potentials are ____ and the one with the greatest number determines whether or not an action potential is created |
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| is when many axons are innervating the dendrites of a neuron |
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| is when an axon branches to form collateralls and innervates the dendrites of many other neurons |
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| divergence is when an axon branches to form _____ and innervates the dendrites of many other neurons |
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| are locations where there are many convergences and divergences for the summation of graded potentials |
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