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| Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth |
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| 3 Types of Muscular Tissue |
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| composed of nervous, vascular, and various connective tissues, as well as skeletal muscle tissue |
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| considered to be organs because they are composed of nervous, vascular, and various connective tissue |
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| skeletal muscles and their parts are covered with ____ |
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| Other _____ ____ surround cells and groups within the muscle's structure. |
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| part of a complex network of connective tissue that extends throughout the body, it may extend beyond the muscle to form the tendon attaching muscle to bone and be continuous with the periosteum of the bone or to the superficial fascia underneath the skin |
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| single muscle cell whose contraction is ___ __ _____ |
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| cylindrical, multi-nucleate... |
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| cell membrane in a skeletal muscle fiber |
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| cytoplasm in a skeletal muscle fiber that contains mitochondria and a membranous network (sarcoplasmic reticulum) |
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| membranous network in a skeletal muscle fiber found in the sarcoplasm |
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| the _____ appearance of skeletal muscles is due to myofibrils coposed of the proteins actin and myosin |
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| myofibrils are composed of _____ and ____ |
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| the light band composed of actin |
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| the end of each contractile unit |
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| attaches to the I band and is at the end of each contractile unit |
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| the dark band composed of thick myosin overlapping the actin |
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| actin filaments are pulled |
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| During contraction, the ____ _______ __ ______ towards the center bringing the Z lines closer together. |
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| becomes closer together during muscle contraction |
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| Muscle fibers contract as ___ ____ |
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| the contractile unit (area between the Z lines) |
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| extend from the sarcolemma to the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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| the patheway that an action potential uses going from the CNS |
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| the action potential causes the release of the neurotransmitter __________ |
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| stored in the vesicles at the terminal of the axon |
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| for skeletal muscles the excitable neurotransmitter |
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| the space between the axon terminal and the muscle fiber where neurotranmission takes place |
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| found on the motor end plate of the muscle cell--where the ACh binds |
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| Ca++ (sliding filament theory) |
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| The receptors open ion channels, which causes _____ to elave the sarcoplasmic reticulum where they are stored. |
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| troponin (sliding filament theory) |
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| Once in the sarcoplasm the Ca++ binds to the protein ______ |
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| protein that is attached to troponin and covers the binding spot on the actin molecule |
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| the binding of the Ca++ with the troponin causes it to ___ ____ ___ ____ pulling the tropomyosin off the actin binding spot |
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| used to energize the myosin heads, which now for a cross bridge with the actin at the binding site |
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| the energized myosin heads and actin at the binding site form _____ _____ |
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| required to break the cross bridge between the actin and myosin |
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| the actin filaments are pushed towards the center |
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| As cross bridges are formed and broken,_______________________ |
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| Since the actin filaments are connected to the Z lines, the sarcomere _____ |
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| sarcomeres are connected ___ __ ___ |
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| when the muscle fiber relaxes, action potentials cease coming from the CNS and _____ is no longer released |
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| what ACh is in the synaptic cleft is decomposed by the ever present enzyme ________ |
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| the Ca++ in the sarcoplasm are _____ ____ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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| The Ca++ in the sarcoplasm are actively pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and the tropomyosin slips back over the binding site on actin, so no more ___ ____ can be formed. |
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| one motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates |
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| motor units contract _______ |
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| can be produced when the motor unit contains small numbers of muscle fibers |
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| required for creating action potential in the CNS |
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| required to energize the myosin head so a cross bridge can be formed |
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| required to break the cross bridge |
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| required to pump the Ca++ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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| 20-30 seconds worth of ATP |
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| uses glycogen store in muscle and glucose in blood |
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| does not require oxygen, is fast and makes 2 ATP molecules |
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| type of cellular respiration that makes 2 ATP molecules |
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| requires oxygen, takes longer, and makes 36 ATP molecules |
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| type of cellular respiration that makes 36 ATP molecules |
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| physiological inability of a muscle to contract |
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| in the absense of oxygen pyruvic acid gets turned into ____ ___ |
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| the pH of the muscle tissue goes down |
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Definition
| with the lack of oxygen changing pyruvic acid into lactic acid and the increased carbon dioxide from cellular respiration, ____________________ |
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| the Na+/K+ pump stops working |
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| occurs when the pH of the muscle tissue goes down |
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| it is not possible to contract a muscle |
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Definition
| when the Na+/K+ pump stops working, ______________ |
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| in muscle fatigue, lactic acid still has a lot of energy and is sent to the _____ |
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| lactic acid is converted to _____ in the liver |
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| the amount of oxygen needed to convert accumulated lactic acid and to restore ATP and creatine phosphate |
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| color of slow contracting muscle |
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| contain an oxygen-carrying molecule called myoglobin and have many mitochondria and carry on aerobic cellular respiration and are slow to fatigue |
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| color of a fast contracting muscle |
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| have few mitochondria and a lot of stored gycogen, fatigue rapidly and are for short bursts of energy |
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| humans have slow and fast contracting molecules, but the number varies due to ______ |
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| Within an entire muscle, some fibers are contracted while others are _____ |
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1. recruitment of more motor units
2. summation by sending the action potentials at greater frequency downn the same motor neuron |
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Definition
| ways we can change the force of contractions and make our movements more fluid (most movements use both) |
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| recruitment of more motor units |
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| increases the force of the contraction |
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| whtne the fiber does not have time to relax and eventually reaches a sustained contraction |
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| muscles that perform opposite movement are or are not contracting at the same time |
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| biceps and triceps brachii are _____ because one extends the lower arm while one flexes it |
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| muscle primarily responsible for a movement |
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| part of the muscle that is on the bone that does not move |
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| part of the muscle that is on the bone that does move |
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