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Axial Skeleton (bones that lie around the body's center of gravity)
appendicular (bones of the limbs, or appendages) |
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| Large rounded projection; may be roughened |
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| Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent |
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| Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (The only examples are on the femur) |
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| Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest |
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| Small rounded projection or process |
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| Raised area on or above a condyle |
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| Sharp, slender, often pointed projection |
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| Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck |
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| Smooth nearly flat articular surface |
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| Rounded articular projection |
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| Space within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane |
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| Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface |
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| Round or oval opening through a bone |
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| Covers bone ends at movable joints |
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| Found connecting the ribs to the sternum |
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| Tracheal and bronchial cartilage |
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| Reinforces other passageways of the respiratory system. |
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| Supports the external nose |
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| Separates and cushions bones of the spin |
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Looks like frosted glass by the unaided eye.
Most skeletal cartilage is made of hyaline. It provides a sturdy yet somewhat flexible structure. |
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| Can be envisioned as hyaline cartilage with more elastic fibers. More flexible and tolerant to repeated bending. |
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| Rows of Chrondrocytes alternating with rows of thick collagen fibers. Great tensile strength and can withstand heavy compression. Found in vertebra and knees. |
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Enclosed and protects fragile brain tissue.
Divided into Cranial vault (Calvaria) and the Cranial Floor (base) |
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| Forms the superior, lateral, and posterior walls of the skull. |
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Forms the skull bottom. 3 Distinct concavities:
1. Anterior 2. Middle 3. Posterior Cranial Fossae |
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| Anterior portion of cranium; forms the forehead, superior part of the orbit, and the floor of anterior cranial fossa. |
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| Supraorbital foramen (notch) |
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| Opening above each orbit allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass |
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| Smooth area between the eyes |
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| Posterolateral to the frontal bone, forming sides of cranium |
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| Midline articulation point of the two parietal bones. |
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| Point of articulation of parietals with frontal bone |
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| Inferior to parietal bone on later skull. The temporals can be divided into four major parts: the squamous region abuts the paritals; the tympanic region surrounds the external ear opening; the Mastoid region is the area posterior to the ear; and the petrus region forms the lateral portion of the skull base. |
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| Point of articulation of the temporal bone with the parietal bone. (squamous) |
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| A bridgelike projection joining the zygomatic bone (cheekbone) anteriorly. Together these two bones form the zygomatic arch. (squamous) |
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| Rounded depression on the inferior surface of the zygomatic process (anterior to the ear); forms the socket for the mandibular condyle, the point where the mandible (lower jaw) joins the cranium. (squamous) |
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| Canal leading to eardrum and middle ear (squamous) |
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Styloid Process
(stylo= stake, pointed object) |
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| Needlelike projection inferior to external acoustic meatus; attachment point for muscles and ligaments of the neck. This process is often broken off demonstration skulls. (squamous) |
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| Rough projection inferior and posterior to external acoustic meatus; attachment site for muscles. (Mastoid) |
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| The mastoid process, full of air cavities and so close to the middle ear - a trouble spot for infections - often becomes infected too, a condition referred to as mastoiditis. |
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| Because the mastoid area is seperated from the brain by only a think layer of bone, an ear infection that has spread to the mastoid process can inflame the brain coverings, or the meninges. |
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| Tiny opening between the mastoid and styloid processes through which cranial nerve VII leaves the cranium. (Mastoid) |
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| Opening medial to the styloid process through which the internal jugular vein and crainial nerves IX, X, and XI pass. (Petrous) |
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| Opening medial to the styloid process though which the internal carotid artery passes into the cranial cavity. (Petrous) |
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| Opening on posterior aspect (petrous region) of temporal bone allowing passage of cranial nerves VII and VIII. (Petrous) |
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| A jagged opening between the petrous temperoral bone and the sphenoid providing passage for a number of small nerves and for the internal carotid artery to enter the middle cranial fossa (After it passe through the part of the temporal lobe). (Petrous) |
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| Most posterior bone of the cranium - forms floor and back wall. Joins sphenoid bone anteriorly via its narrow bascioccipital region. |
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| Site of articulation of occipital cone and parietal bones. |
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| Large opening in the base of occipital which allows the spinal cord to join with the brain. |
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| rounded projections lateral to the foramen magnum that articulate with the first cervical vertebra (atlas). |
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| Opening medial and superior to the occipital condyle through which the hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII) passes. |
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| External Occipital crest and protuberance |
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| Midline prominences posterior to the foramen magnum. |
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| Bat-shaped bone forming the anterior plateau of the middle cranial fossa across the width of the skull. |
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| Portions of the sphenoid seen exteriorly anterior to the temporal and forming a part of the eye orbits. |
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| Superior orbital fissures |
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| Jagged openings in orbits providing passage for cranial nerves III, IV, V, and VI to enter the orbit where they serve the eye. |
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Sella Turcica
(Turk's Saddle) |
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| A saddle-shaped region in the sphenoid midline which nearly encloses the pituitary gland. |
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| bat-shaped portions of the sphenoid anterior to the sella turcica. Posteromedially these terminate in the pointed anterior clinoid process, which provide an anchoring sire for the dura mater (outermost membrane covering of the brain. |
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| Openings in the bases of the lesser wings through which the optic nerves enter the orbits to serve the eyes; these foramina are connected by the chiasmatic groove. |
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| Opening lateral to the sella turcia providing passage for the a branch of the fifth cranial never. (This foramen is not visibe on an inferior view of the skull). |
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| Opening posterior to the sella trucica that allows passage of a branch of the fifth cranial nerve. |
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| Irregularly shaped bone anterior to the sphenoid. Forms the roof of the nasal cavity, upper nasal septum, and part of the medial orbit walls. |
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Crista galli
(cock's comb) |
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| Vertical projection providing a point of attachment for the dura mater, helping to secure the brain within the skull. |
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| Bony plates lateral to the crista galli through which olfactory fibers pass to the brain from the nasal mucosa. Together the cribriform plates and the midline crista galli form the horizontal plate of the ethmoid bone |
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| Inferior projection of the ethmoid that forms the superior part of the nasa septum. |
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| Irregularly shaped thin-walled bony regions flanking the perpendicular plate laterally. Their lateral surfaces (orbital plates) shape part of the medial orbit wall. |
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| Superior and middle nasal conchae (turbinates) |
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| Thin, delicately coiled plates of bones extending medially from the lateral masses of the ethmoid into the nasal cavity. The conchae make air flow through the nasal cavity more efficient and greatly increases the surface area of the mucosa that covers them, thus increasing the mucosa's ability to warm and humidify incoming air. |
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| Of the 14 bones composing the face, 12 are paired. Only the mandible and vomer are single bones. An additional bone, the hyoid bone, although not a facial bone, is considered here because of its location. |
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| The lower jawbone, which articulates with the temporal bones in the only freely movable joints of the skull. |
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| Horizontal portion; forms the chin. |
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| Vertical extension of the body on either side. |
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| Articulation point of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone. |
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| Jutting anterior portion of the ramus; site of muscle attachment. |
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| Posterior point at which ramus meets the body. |
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| Prominent opening on the body (Later to the midline) that transmits the mental blood vessels and nerve to the lower jaw. |
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| Open lower jaw of the skull to identify this prominent foramen on the medial aspect of the mandibular ramus. This foramen permits passage of the nerve involved with tooth sensation (mandibular branch of cranial nerve V) and is the site where the dentist injects Novocain to prevent pain while working on the lower teeth. |
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| Superior margin of mandible; contains sockets in which the teeth lie. |
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| Anterior median depression indicating point of mandibular fusion. |
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| Two bones fused in a median suture; form the upper jawbone and part of the orbits. All facial bones, except the mandible, join the maxillae. Thus they are the main, or keystone, bones of the face. |
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| Inferior margin containing sockets (alveoli) in which teeth lie. |
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| Form the anterior hard palate. |
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| Opening under the orbit carrying the infraorbital nerves and blood vessels to the nasal region. |
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| Large bilateral opening located posterior to the central incisor tooth of the maxilla and piercing the hard palate; transmits the nasopalatine arteries and blood vessels. |
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| Fingernail-sized bones forming a part of the medial orbit walls between the maxilla and the ethmoid. Each lacrimal bone is pierced by an opening, the lacrimal fossa, which serves as a passageway for tears (lacrima = "tear"). |
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| Paired bones posterior to the palatine processes; form posterior hard palate and part of the orbit. |
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| Lateral to the maxilla; forms the portion of the face commonly called the cheekbone, and forms part of the lateral orbit. Its three processes are named for the bones with which they articulate. |
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| Small rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose. |
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| Blade-shaped bone (vomer= plow) in median plane of nasal cavity that forms the posterior and inferior nasal septum. |
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| Inferior Nasal Conchae (Turbinates) |
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| Thin curved bones protruding medially from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity; serve the same purpose as the turbinate portions of the ethmoid bone. |
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| Not really considered or sounted as a skull bone, the hyoid cone is located in the throat above the larynx where it serves as a point of attachment for many tongue and neck muscles. It does not articulate with any other bone and is thus unique. It is horseshoe-shaped with a body and two pairs od horns, cornua. |
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