Term
Nervous system (pg. 638) 1.Communicates by using ____________ and _________________ 2. Reacts _______ 3. Stops ________ |
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Definition
1. Electrical Impulses,Neurotransmitters 2. Quickly 3. Quickly |
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Term
Endocrine system 1. Communicates by ___________ release into the ________ 2. Reacts more ________ 3. Continue responding longer |
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Definition
1. Hormones, Bloodstream 2. Slowly |
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Term
Endocrine gland 1. Have no _____ 2. Have dense blood capillary networks 3. Cells release hormones into surrounding _____ fluid and then bloodstream picks up hormones |
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Definition
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Term
Characteristics a. _______ Messengers b. Secreted into the bloodstream c. Stimulate the physiology of cells in another tissue or organ |
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Definition
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Term
Steroid hormones – derived from _________ 1) Bind to ________ proteins 2) Penetrate the phospholipid plasma membrane 3) Receptors are associated w/the DNA in target cell |
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Definition
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Term
Peptide hormones Chains of 3-200+ amino acids 1) Circulates freely in the blood 2) ________ penetrate into a target cell 3) Bind to cell surface receptors of target cell |
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Definition
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Term
Steroids and TH (pg.661) a. Hormone penetrates plasma membrane and ________ b. Binds to a receptor associated with DNA and activates DNA transcription c. Leads to synthesis of _______ |
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Definition
1. Enters the Nucleus 3. Proteins |
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Term
Peptide (pg. 662) a. Hormone binds to a receptor, which activates a G protein b. G protein binds to and activates effector enzyme which generates the second messenger c. The second messenger then activates other enzymes which catalyze metabolic reactions d. Cyclic AMP, DAG, IP3 act as second messengers |
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Definition
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Term
True or False Specificity – The receptor for one hormone will bind to others |
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Definition
False Specificity – The receptor for one hormone will not bind to others |
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Term
True or False Amplification – a single hormone can trigger the activation of many enzymes(amplifier) |
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Definition
True Amplification – a single hormone can trigger the activation of many enzymes(amplifier) |
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Term
Target cell sensitivity adjustment (pg. 664) 1. Up-regulation – cell increase number of receptors 2. Down-regulation – cell reduces its receptors in response to long-term exposure of high hormone concentration |
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Definition
Hormone interactions 1. Synergistic effect – two or more hormones act together to produce an effect that is greater than the sum of their separate effects 2. Permissive effect – one hormone enhances the target organ’s response to a second hormone 3. Antagonistic effect – One hormone opposes the action of another |
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Term
Negative feedback inhibition (pg. 646) 1. As hormone levels rise, they cause target organ effects and inhibit further hormone release 2. Ex. High levels of T3/T4 à hypothalamus – decreases TRH à pituitary – decreases TSH à thyroid – decreases T3/T4 3. Unused hormones are taken up by the liver and kidneys and excreted |
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Definition
| Positive feedback – a hormone is secreted and feedback from the target cells stimulates increased hormone secretion (pg. 19) |
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Term
| Hypo-thalamus | _____ | Releasing and Inhibiting hormones | Anterior Pituitory | __-Promote hormone secretion __-Stops hormone secretion | |
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Definition
| Hypo-thalamus | Brain floor | Releasing and Inhibiting hormones | Anterior Pituitory | RH-Promote hormone secretion IH-Stops hormone secretion | |
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Term
| Pituitary Anterior | _____ (Sella Turcica) | Growth hormone (GH) | Wide Spread | Growth, promotes mitosis and cellular differentiation | |
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Definition
| Pituitary Anterior | Brain(Sella Turcica) | Growth hormone (GH) | Wide Spread | Growth, promotes mitosis and cellular differentiation | |
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Term
Pituitary Anterior | Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | Thyroid Gland | _____________ | |
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Definition
Pituitary Anterior | Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | Thyroid Gland | Stimulates growth of thyroid | |
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Term
Pituitary Anterior | Adrenocortico-tropic hormone (ACTH) | ______ | Secretion of corti costeroids | |
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Definition
Pituitary Anterior | Adrenocortico-tropic hormone (ACTH) | Adrenal cortex | Secretion of corti costeroids | |
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Term
Pituitary Anterior | Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | ___ | FM-stimulates development of eggs+estrogen M-stimulates sperm production | |
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Definition
Pituitary Anterior | Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | Female-Ovaries Male-Testes | FM-stimulates development of eggs+estrogen M-stimulates sperm production | |
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Term
Pituitary Anterior ________ | Ovaries Testes | FM-stimulates ovulation, secretion of progesterone M-Testosterone secretion | |
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Definition
Pituitary Anterior | Luteinizing hormone (LH) | Ovaries Testes | FM-stimulates ovulation, secretion of progesterone M-Testosterone secretion | |
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Term
Pituitary Anterior | Prolactin (PRL) | ____ | Stimulates milk synthesis | |
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Definition
Pituitary Anterior | Prolactin (PRL) | Mamary Gland | Stimulates milk synthesis | |
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Term
| Posterior Pituitary | Nerve fibers from hypothalamus | Oxytocin (OT) | Uterus, Mammary Glands | Stimulates ________ | | Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | ______ | Stimulates water retention | |
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Definition
| Posterior Pituitary | Nerve fibers from hypothalamus | Oxytocin (OT) | Uterus, Mammary Glands | Stimulates labor contractions and milk release | | Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | Kidneys | Stimulates water retention | |
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Term
| Thyroid | Below Layrnx | Thyroid hormones (__ and __) | Most Cells | Increases body’s metabolic rate Too much- skinny, fast hr, high bp Too little-fat, tired, slow hr, low bp | |
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Definition
| Thyroid | Below Layrnx | Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) | Most Cells | Increases body’s metabolic rate Too much- skinny, fast hr, high bp Too little-fat, tired, slow hr, low bp | |
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Term
| Calcitonin | ____ | Promotes calcium deposition and bone formation (use when calcium concentration is high) Used to regulate blood calcium levels | |
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Definition
| Calcitonin | Bones | Promotes calcium deposition and bone formation (use when calcium concentration is high) Used to regulate blood calcium levels | |
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Term
| Parathyroid | ______ | Parathyroid hormone (PTH) | Bones + kidneys | Raises blood calcium levels b increasing intestional calcium excretion, increases bone resorbtion, +urinary cal excretion | |
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Definition
| Parathyroid | Back surface of Thyroid | Parathyroid hormone (PTH) | Bones + kidneys | Raises blood calcium levels b increasing intestional calcium excretion, increases bone resorbtion, +urinary cal excretion | |
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Term
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Definition
Getting rid of sugar(mellitus=honey)
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Term
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Definition
| Getting rid of water(insipidous=tasteless) |
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Term
| _______ | Middle gut(inferior and dorsal to stomach) | Glucagon | Liver | Stimluates gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, fat catabolism (release when blood glucose levels are low, used to raise) | |
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Definition
| Pancreas | Middle gut(inferior and dorsal to stomach) | Glucagon | Liver | Stimluates gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, fat catabolism (release when blood glucose levels are low, used to raise) | |
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Term
Pancreas | Insulin | _____ | Stimulates cells to absorb glucose and amino acids; promotes glycogen, fat, and protein synt. (release when blood glucose level is high) | |
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Definition
Pancreas | Insulin | Most tissues | Stimulates cells to absorb glucose and amino acids; promotes glycogen, fat, and protein synt. (release when blood glucose level is high) | |
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Term
Pancreas | Somatostatin | Many Tissues | Inhibit digestive functions | |
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Definition
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Term
| Adrenal Cortex | _____ | Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone) | Kidneys | Promotes _____ retention and potassium excretion | |
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Definition
| Adrenal Cortex | Superior to Kidneys | Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone) | Kidneys | Promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion | |
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Term
Adrenal Cortex | Glucocorticoids (cortisol) | Most tissues | Stimulate ___+___ catabolism, helps body adapt to stress | |
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Definition
Adrenal Cortex | Glucocorticoids (cortisol) | Most tissues | Stimulate fat and protein catabolism, helps body adapt to stress | |
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Term
Adrenal Cortex | _________ | Many Tissues | Growth of pubic and axillary hair, bone growth, sex drive | |
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Definition
Adrenal Cortex | Sex steroids | Many Tissues | Growth of pubic and axillary hair, bone growth, sex drive | |
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Term
| Adrenal Medulla | Superior to Kidneys | _________ and ___________ | Most Tissues | Supplement effects of SNS | |
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Definition
| Adrenal Medulla | Superior to Kidneys | Epinephrine and Norepinephrine | Most Tissues | Supplement effects of SNS | |
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Term
| Ovaries | Pelvic Cavity | __________ | Many Tissues | Stimulates reproductive development, regulates menstrual cycle, prepares mammary glands (stimulates prolactin) | |
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Definition
| Ovaries | Pelvic Cavity | Estradiol (Estrogen) | Many Tissues | Stimulates reproductive development, regulates menstrual cycle, prepares mammary glands (stimulates prolactin) | |
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Term
Ovaries | _________ | Uterus, Mammary Glands | Regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy, prepares mammary gland | |
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Definition
| Progesterone | Uterus, Mammary Glands | Regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy, prepares mammary gland | |
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Term
| Testes | Pelvic Cavity | Testosterone | Many Tissues | ________________ | |
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Definition
| Testes | Pelvic Cavity | Testosterone | Many Tissues | Stimulates reproductive development in fetus and adolescent, stimulates sperm production. | |
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Term
| Pineal | Beneath posterior end of corpus collosum | ________ – at night ________ – during day | Brain | Influences ____ | |
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Definition
| Pineal | Beneath posterior end of corpus collosum | Melatonin – at night Serotonin – during day | Brain | Influences mood | |
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Term
| Thymus | _________, superior to the heart | Thymosin and Thymopoietin | T-lymphocytes | Regulates development and activation of ____________ | |
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Definition
| Thymus | Mediastinum, superior to the heart | Thymosin and Thymopoietin | T-lymphocytes | Regulates development and activation of T-lymphocytes | |
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Term
Functions of circulatory system 1. Transport of _____________________ 2. Protection through inflammation, wbc, antibodies, platlets 3. Regulation by fluid exchange and buffering the pH of ECF(extra cellular |
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Definition
Functions of circulatory system 1. O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones, stem cells, and heat 2. Protection through inflammation, wbc, antibodies, platlets 3. Regulation by fluid exchange and buffering the pH of ECF(extra cellular |
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Term
General properties 1. Liquid ___________ tissue – composed of plasma and formed elements 2. __ of body weight 3. 4-_ L in adults 4. 38o C-Transporting heat to surface to get it expelled 5. pH ______ |
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Definition
1. Connective 2. 8% 3. 6 5. 7.35-7.45 |
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