Term
| What are the different systems of our bodies? |
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Definition
1.Integumentary System
2.Nervous System
3.Endocrine System
4.Musculoskeletal System
5.Circulatory system
6.Repiratory System
7.Digestive System
8.Urinary System
9.Reproductive System
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Term
| What are the organs or tissues that make up the Circulatory System and what functions do they serve as a whole? |
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Definition
| Heart, blood vesselsand blood make up this system which transports materials between all cells of the body. |
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Term
| What are the organs or tissues that make up the Digestive System and what functions do they serve as a whole? |
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Definition
| The stomach, intestines, liver and pancrease make up this system which is responsible for the conversion of food into particles that that can be transported into the body and eliminates some wastes. |
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Term
| What are the organs or tissues that make up the Endocrine System and what functions do they serve as a whole? |
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Definition
| The thyroid gland and adrenal glands make up this system which is responsible for the coordination of body function through synthesis ad release of regulatory molecules. |
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Term
| What are the organs or tissues that make up the Immune System and what functions do they serve as a whole? |
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Definition
| The thymus, spleen, and lymphnodes compose this system which is responsible for defending the body against foreign invaders. |
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Term
| What are the organs or tissues that make up the Integumentary System and what functions do they serve as a whole? |
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Definition
| The skin alone makes up this system as protection from the external environment. |
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Term
| What are the organs or tissues that make up the Musculoskeletal System and what functions do they serve as a whole? |
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Definition
| Skeletal muscles and bones make up this system which gives us support and the ability to move. |
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Term
| What are the organs or tissues that make up the Nervous System and what functions do they serve as a whole? |
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Definition
| The brain and spinal cords compose this system which coordinates body functions through electrical signals and the release of regulatory molecules. |
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Term
| What are the organs or tissues that make up the Reproductive System and what functions do they serve as a whole? |
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Definition
| The ovaries and uterus or the testes make up this system responsible for perpetuation of the species. |
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Term
| What are the organs or tissues that make up the Respiratory System and what functions do they serve as a whole? |
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Definition
| This system includes the lungs and airways. This system is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the internal and external environments |
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Term
| What are the organs or tissues that make up the Urinary System and what functions do they serve as a whole? |
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Definition
| the kidneys and bladder make up this system which is responsible for the maintenance of water and solutes in the internal environment and waste removal. |
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Term
| What makes up the basic atom? |
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Definition
| Electrons, Protons, and Neutrons are all part of one of these. |
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Term
| What does the Atomic Number tell us about an element? |
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Definition
| This always tells us the number of protons in an element. |
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Term
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Definition
| These are the same element with a different number of electrons |
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Term
What kind of a charge does a Cation have?
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Definition
| This ion has a positive charge |
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Term
| What kind of a charge does an anion have? |
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Definition
| this ion has a negative charge. |
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Term
| What does the mass number tell us about an element? |
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Definition
| This tells us how many protons and neutrons are in an element. |
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Term
| What is an inert substance? |
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Definition
| This is a substance that has a full outer shell and tends not to enter chemical reactions. |
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Term
| How are free radicals formed? |
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Definition
| These are formed when weak bonds split. |
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Term
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Definition
| These are very unstable and react quickly with other compounds, trying to capture the needed electron to gain stability. |
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Term
| What about Free radicals is negative? |
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Definition
| These attack the nearest stable molecule "stealing" its electron. When the "attacked" molecule losses its electron, it will turn into one of these itself beginning a chain reaction. Once the process is started, it can cascade, finally resulting in the disruption of a living cell. |
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Term
| Where do free radicals come from? |
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Definition
| Sometimes the body's immune system's cells purposefully create them to neutralize viruses and bacteria. However, environmental factors such as pollution, radiation, cigarette smoke and herbicides can also spawn these. |
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Term
| What are antioxidants and how do they work? |
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Definition
| These neutralize free radicals by donating one of their own electrons, ending the electron-"stealing" reaction. These nutrients don't become free radicals by donating an electron because they are stable in either form. They act as scavengers, helping to prevent cell and tissue damage that could lead to cellular damage and disease. |
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Term
| Why is vitamin E important? |
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Definition
| This is the most abundant fat-soluable antioxidant in the body. It is one of the most efficient chain-breaking antioxidants available. This is the primary defender against lipid peroxidation. |
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Term
| What is lipid peroxidation? |
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Definition
| This is the creation of unstable molecules containing more oxygen than is usual |
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Term
| Why is vitamin C important? |
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Definition
| This is the most abundant water-soluable antioxidant in the body. It acts primarily in cellular fluid. Of particular note in combating free-radical formation caused by pollution and cigarette smoke. This also helps return vitamin E to its acive form |
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Term
| What does Vitamin E protect against? |
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Definition
| This helps protect against cardiovascular disease by defending against LDL oxidation and artery-clogging plaque formation |
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Term
| What does vitamin C protect against? |
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Definition
| Many studies have correlated high volumes of intake of this with low rates of cancer, particularly cancers of the mouth, larynx and esophagus |
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Term
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Definition
| They are organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and, therefore, different properties. |
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Term
| What is a base and what is it's purpose? |
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Definition
| This allows for the maintenance of a fairly narrow range of pH even while another reaction is producing acids or bases. Because it is a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base, it can react with either acid or base to remove the acid or base from solution. |
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Term
| Describe what the primary structure of protein looks like |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe what the secondary structure of protein looks like |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe what the tertiary structure of protein looks like |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe what the quaternary structure looks like |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two kinds of Amino Acids? |
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Definition
| DNA and RNA are the two kinds of these. |
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Term
| What is does RNA contain that DNA does not? |
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Definition
| Ribose is contained in this nucleic acid |
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Term
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Definition
| When two atoms or more of differerent elements are chemically linked together, this is formed |
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Term
| What are the different structural forms of proteins? |
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Definition
| Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures are the forms of these. |
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Term
| What is the formula for Carbohydrates? |
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Definition
The formula for this is CH2
O |
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Term
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Definition
| These are made of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. |
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Term
| What are the four classes of biomolecules? |
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Definition
1.Carbohydrates
2.Lipids
3.Proteins
4.Nucleic Acids |
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Term
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Definition
| This type of bond occurs when atoms "share" electrons in an attempt to fill the Octet Rule |
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Term
| What is a polar covalent bond? |
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Definition
| This kind of bond occurs when one of the atoms pulls the electrons towards itself, thus the electrons spend more time around one pole. |
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Term
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Definition
| This kind of bond is the result of electrons being shared equally. |
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Term
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Definition
| This type of bond is the transfer of electrons instead of sharing |
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Term
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Definition
| These are weak bonds that occur between the slightly positive role of one polar molecule and the slightly negative side of another. |
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Term
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Definition
| These are the most immediate source of energy. |
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Term
| What are monosaccharides? |
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Definition
| They are the most basic unit of carbohydrates and have a sweet taste. |
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Term
| What are some examples of monosaccharides? |
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Definition
| Glucose, fructose, ribose, and galactose are all examples of these. |
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Term
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Definition
| These are two sugars or two monosaccharides that have been chemically bonded |
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Term
| What are some examples of disaccharides? |
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Definition
| Maltose, sucrose, and lactose are examples of these. |
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Term
What monosaccharides do the following contain?
1.Maltose
2.Sucrose
3.Lactose |
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Definition
The disaccharides contain the following:
1.Glucose bonded to glucose
2.Glucose bonded to fructose
3.Glucose bonded to Galactose |
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Term
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Definition
| These join by a dehydration or condensation reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the mixture between a solvent and a solute |
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Term
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Definition
| This is something a solute is mixed in (i.e. water) |
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Term
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Definition
| This is something mixed into a solvent |
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Term
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Definition
| These help enzymes nake sure some chemical reactions take place. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is when a protein is degraded or disruppted by high temperatures. |
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Term
| What is the induced fit model? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A substance, such as a metallic ion or coenzyme, that must be associated with an enzyme for the enzyme to function. These are required for ligand binding at the binding site. |
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Term
| What is proteolytic activation and what are some examples? |
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Definition
| This converts inactive to active form by the removal of part of molecule. Examples: digestive enzymes, protein hormones |
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Term
| What are the modulators and factors that alter binding or activity? |
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Definition
1.Competetive inhibitor
2.Irreversible inhibitor
3.Allosteric modulator
4.Covalent modulator
5.pH and temperature |
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Term
| What is a competetive inhibitor? |
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Definition
| This competes directly with ligand by binding reversibly to active site. |
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Term
| What is an irreversible inhibitor? |
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Definition
| These bind to binding site and cannot be displaced. |
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Term
| What is an allosteric modulator? |
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Definition
| These bind to proteins away from the binding site and changes activity. These may be inhibitors or activators. |
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Term
| What are covalent modulators? |
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Definition
| These bind covalently to protein and changes its activity. |
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Term
| How do pH and temperature alter binding or activity? |
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Definition
| These alter three-dimensional shapeof enzyme by disrupting hydrogen or S-S bonds. They may be irreversible if protein denatures. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is when two molecules come together to produce a water |
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Term
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Definition
| This is when water bonds are broken. |
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Term
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Definition
| These are made up of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. |
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