Term
qGliding/Planar
qHinge
qPivot
qCondyloid
qSaddle
qBall-and-socket |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
nArticulating surfaces usually flat
nAllows gliding (side-to-side and back and forth movements)
nIntertarsal and intercarpal joints |
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Term
| gliding joints are found here |
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Definition
nIntertarsal and intercarpal joints |
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Term
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Definition
nConvex surface fits into concave surface
nProduces an angular opening and closing motion like a hinged door
nAllows flexion and extension only
nTibiofemoral (knee) and elbow joints |
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Term
| Hinge Joints are found here |
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Definition
nTibiofemoral (knee) and elbow joints |
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Term
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Definition
nPart of one bone rotates against or within another bone
nAllows rotation
nAtlanto-axial joint (atlas rotates around axis and permits head to move side to side (“no”)
nProximal radioulnar joint that permits palms to turn anteriorly (supination) and posteriorly (pronation) |
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Term
| Pivot Joints are found here |
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Definition
nAtlanto-axial joint (atlas rotates around axis and permits head to move side to side (“no”)
nProximal radioulnar joint that permits palms to turn anteriorly (supination) and posteriorly (pronation) |
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Term
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Definition
nOval-shaped condyle of one bone fits into oval-shaped depression
nRadiocarpal (wrist) joint permits flexion-extension, abduction-adduction,circumductionandslight hyperextension of wrist
nAtlanto-occipital joint (atlas and occipital condyles of occipital bone) permits flexion-extension of head (“yes”) plus slight lateral flexion of head to either side |
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Term
| Condyloid Joints found here |
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Definition
nRadiocarpal (wrist) joint permits flexion-extension, abduction-adduction,circumductionandslight hyperextension of wrist
nAtlanto-occipital joint (atlas and occipital condyles of occipital bone) permits flexion-extension of head (“yes”) plus slight lateral flexion of head to either side |
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Term
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Definition
nModified condyloid joint where articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped, and the articular surface of the other bone fits into the “saddle”
nPermits flexion-extension, abduction-adduction,and circumduction; somewhat freer movement than condyloid joint
nCarpometacarpal joint (thumb) |
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Term
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Definition
nCarpometacarpal joint (thumb) |
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Term
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Definition
nBall-like (spherical) surface of one bone fits into a cup-like depression of another bone
nAllows greatest degree of movement: flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, rotation, and circumduction
nCoxal (hip) and glenohumeral (shoulder) joints |
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Term
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Definition
nCoxal (hip) and glenohumeral (shoulder) joints |
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Term
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Definition
ncombinedhinge and planar joint formed by the condylar process of mandible and mandibularfossa of temporal bone
nOnly movable joint between skull bones!!!!!
qOnly the mandible moves, temporal bone does not
nPerforms depression (jaw opening) and elevation (jaw closing), protraction (pushes lower jaw forward), retraction (pushes lower jaw back), lateral displacement (side-to-side) and slight rotation |
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Term
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Definition
npain around ear, tenderness of jaw muscles, clicking/popping noise when opening/closing mouth, limited/abnormal opening of mouth, headache
qDue to improperly aligned teeth, grinding/clenching of teeth, arthritis, trauma to head and/or neck |
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Term
| Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint |
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Definition
nBall-and-socket joint formed by the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of scapula
nMore freedom of movement than any other joint of the body!!!!!!!!
qAllows flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation (flex elbow and move palm across chest), lateral rotation (flex elbow and move palm away from chest), and circumduction
qFreedom results from looseness of articular capsule and shallowness of glenoid cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| Most of the strength of shoulder joint results from muscles that surround the joint called |
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Term
| Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint |
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Definition
qThese muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis) join the scapula to the humerus |
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Term
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Definition
| strain or tear in rotator cuff muscles (not the ligaments!!!!) |
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Term
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Definition
qCommon sports injury due to shoulder movements that involve vigorous circumduction
qAlso occurs due to wear and tear, aging, trauma, improper lifting, repetitive motions (putting items on shelf above head) |
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Term
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Definition
| head of humerus displaces inferiorly |
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Term
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Definition
| most common dislocated joint in adults |
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Term
| Because its socket (glenoid cavity) is shallow |
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Definition
qShoulder joint is most common dislocated joint in adults
Why? |
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Term
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Definition
nBall-and-socket joint formed by the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the hip bone |
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Term
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Definition
| of hip joint is one of the strongest structures in the body! |
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Term
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Definition
nAllows flexion/extension,abduction/adduction, circumduction, medial rotation (lie on your back, bend your knee, and move leg and foot laterally from midline, anterior surface of femur will rotate medially), lateral rotation (lie on your back, bend your knee, and move leg and foot medially, anterior surface of femur will rotate laterally) |
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Term
qStrong articular capsule and accessory ligaments
qHow femur fits into acetabulum
Muscles surrounding the joint |
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Definition
nHip joint very stable due to: |
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Term
| Tibiofemoral (Knee) Joint |
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Definition
nLargest and most complex joint of the body |
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Term
| Tibiofemoral (Knee) Joint |
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Definition
nModified hinge joint that consist of three joints in one single synovial cavity
q1. Lateral tibiofemoral joint: between lateral condyle of femur, lateral meniscus, and lateral condyle of tibia
q2. Medial tibiofemoral joint: between medial condyle of femur, medial meniscus, and medial condyle of tibia
3. Patellofemoral joint: in between patella and patellar surface of femur |
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Term
| Lateral tibiofemoral joint |
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Definition
| between lateral condyle of femur, lateral meniscus, and lateral condyle of tibia |
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Term
| Medial tibiofemoral joint |
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Definition
| between medial condyle of femur, medial meniscus, and medial condyle of tibia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Tibiofemoral (Knee) Joint |
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Definition
nContains lateral and medial menisci
qMenisci are two fibrocartilage discs between the tibial and femoral condyles
nHelp compensate for the irregular shapes of the bones and circulate synovial fluid
nAct as cushions
nProvide lateral stability |
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Term
| Tibiofemoral (Knee) Joint |
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Definition
nContains bursae
qSuprapatellar bursa
qInfrapatellar bursa
qPrepatellar bursa
nContains fat pads |
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Term
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Definition
qTendon from quadriceps femoris muscle that is responsible for extending knee passes over anterior surface of knee joint |
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Term
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Definition
qPatella is embedded in this tendon, and patellar ligament continues its attachment on to anterior surface of tibia |
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Term
| Tibial Collateral Ligament |
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Definition
nligament on medial surface of joint that extends from medial condyle of femur to medial condyle of tibia
qFirmly attached to medial meniscus
qReinforces medial surface of knee joint
qTearing of this ligament results in tearing of medial meniscus and damage to ACL |
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Term
| Fibular collateral ligament |
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Definition
nligament on lateral surface that extends from lateral condyle of femur to lateral side of head of fibula
Reinforces lateral surface of knee join |
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Term
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Definition
| ligaments within joint capsule that connect the tibia and femur. They limit anterior and posterior movement of the femur and maintain alignment of femoral and tibialcondyles. |
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Term
| Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL): |
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Definition
| limits hyperextension of knee and prevents anterior sliding of tibia on femur. |
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Term
| the ACL ligament stretched or torn. |
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Definition
| 70% of serious knee injuries are caused by this |
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Term
| Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) |
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Definition
| prevents posterior sliding of tibia and anterior sliding of femur when knee is flexed |
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Term
| Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) |
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Definition
nVery important when walking down stairs or a steep incline. |
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Term
| Tibiofemoral (Knee) Joint |
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Definition
nAllows flexion/extension, medial rotation and lateral rotation of the leg in the flexed position |
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Term
| Tibiofemoral (Knee) Joint |
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Definition
nKnee joint is most vulnerable joint to damage due to its mobility, is weight-bearing, and its stability depends entirely on its associated ligaments and muscles
nCommon football injury: rupture of tibial collateral ligaments
qUsually associated with tearing of ACL ligament and medial meniscus (torn cartilage)
qHard blow to lateral side of knee while foot is fixed to ground |
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Term
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Definition
nDecreased production of synovial fluid
nArticular cartilage becomes thinner
Ligaments shorten and lose some of their flexibility |
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Term
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Definition
| depends on genetic factors and wear and tear; varies greatly from person to person |
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Term
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Definition
qBy age 80, almost everyone has some type of degenerative changes in knees, elbows, hips and shoulders
nVertebral column develops degenerative changes – hunched-over posture
qStretching and aerobic exercises that use full range of motion are helpful to maintain the effective functioning of ligaments, tendons, muscles, synovial fluid, and articular cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| any painful disorder of bones, ligaments, tendons, or muscles that is not caused by infection or injury. |
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Term
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Definition
qform of rheumatism in which synovial joints are swollen, stiff, and painful.
nAlways involves damage to articular cartilages
nAffects 45 million people in US
nLeading cause of physical disability in adults over age 65 |
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Term
nosteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis |
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Definition
| Two main types of arthritis |
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Term
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Definition
nDegenerative joint disease (DJD) in which joint cartilage is gradually lost
qAs articular cartilage deteriorates, new bone forms in its place forming “spurs” which decrease space in joint cavity and restrict joint movement
qBone ends can rub together |
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Term
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Definition
nMost common type of arthritis
nAffects larger, weight-bearing, synovial joints (knees, hips)
nResults from “wear and tear”,obesity, aging, irritation of joints, and muscle weakness
nMost common reason for hip- and knee-replacement surgery |
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Term
| Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) |
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Definition
nAutoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks its own cartilage and joint linings (synovial membrane).
qAllergies, infection (viral or bacterial) and genetic factors contribute or trigger disease
nCharacterized by inflammation of the joint which causes swelling, pain and loss of function
qThickened synovial membrane, bone and cartilage erosion |
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Term
| Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) |
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Definition
nFirst strikes smaller joints e.g. fingers, wrists
nOccurs bilaterally: if one wrist is affected, the other wrist is also likely to be affected |
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Term
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Definition
nWhen articular cartilage is completely destroyed, fibrous tissue joins exposed bone ends.
Fibrous tissue eventually ossifies and fuses joint so it becomes immovable – ultimate crippling |
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