Term
| a function of the integumentary system is to _____ vitamin D |
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Definition
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Term
| the epidermis contains no ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| the stratum ____ is the innermost layer of the epidermis |
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Definition
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Term
| cells which produce keratin are called _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| the hypodermis lies directly beneath the ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ function as sensory receptors for touch in combo with sensory nerve endings |
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Definition
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Term
| the layer of the skin that is comprised of mostly dead cells is the stratum ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| skin colored is determined by _____ in the epidermis |
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Definition
| melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin |
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Term
| Stratum basale cells of hair follicles produce _____ that form hair |
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Definition
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Term
| the post synaptic membrane is located on what type of cell? |
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Definition
| skeletal muscle (motor end plate of NM junction) |
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Term
| where are the Ach-containing synaptic vesicles located? |
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Definition
| motor neuron axonal ending |
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Term
| where are Ach-receptors located? |
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Definition
| motor end place of the NM junction |
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Term
| What is acetylcholine esterase? |
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Definition
| found in the nm junction synaptic cleft, it cleaves to Ach preventing continued muslce contraction |
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Term
| binding of Ach to Ach receptors causes influx of what cation? |
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Definition
| Na+ entry into the skeletal muscle and K+ out. |
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Term
| single layer of cube-shaped cells that function in secretion and absorption: found in kidney tubules, ovaries and small glands |
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Definition
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Term
| a type of connective tissue proper that has a gel-like matrix containing collagen, elastic and reticular fibers and calls that wraps and cushions organs and holds tissue fluid. contains excess fluid in edema |
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Definition
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Term
| contains long, cynlindrical cells containing multiple nuclei and myofibrils. functions in voluntary movement |
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Definition
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Term
| hard, calcified matrix containing densely-packed collagen fibers arranced in lacunae: provides support for the body |
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Definition
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Term
| comprised of specialized cells that generate and conduct electrical signals and supporting cells that insulate and nourish them. functions in communication and control |
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Definition
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Term
| single layer of flattened cells with sparse cytoplasm that functions in passage of substances via diffusion and filtration; may secrete lubricating substance; located in kidney glomeruli, alveoli of lungs, lining of bllood vessel and lining lymphatic vessels |
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Definition
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Term
| contains red and white cells in a fluid matrix |
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Definition
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Term
| can be classified as regular or irregular; contains predominantly collagen fibers with some fibroblasts |
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Definition
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Term
| has a loose matrix and contains adipocytes; functions to insulate, cushion, and support organs and stores fuel |
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Definition
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Term
| provides structural strength to dermis, submucosa of digestive tract and joints |
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Definition
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Term
| contains many elastic fibers that maintain shape while allowing flexibility; found in external ear and epiglottis |
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Definition
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Term
| firm matrix made of collagen fibers with clear appearance; functions to support; found in embryonic skeleton, ends of long bones, rib ends, nose, trachea, and larynx |
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Definition
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Term
| formed by chondroblasta; may be hyaline, elastic or fibro |
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Definition
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Term
| comprises most of the wall of the heart and functions in propelling blood; involuntary control |
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Definition
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Term
| transports nutrients, oxygen, metabolic wastes, CO2 and contained within vessels |
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Definition
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Term
| can form all or parts of glands with simple of compound duct structures, or ductless glands |
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Definition
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Term
| network of reticular fibers in a loose ground substance; found in lymphoid organs |
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Definition
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Term
| contains collagen, elastic, and/or reticular fibers and has cells that exist in a mature (cyte) or immature (blast) form |
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Definition
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Term
| striated tissue containing breanching uninucleate or binucleate cells that join at intercalated discs containing gap junctions |
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Definition
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Term
| comprised of spindle-shaped cells and often found in the walls of hollow organs such as the GI tract; involuntary control |
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Definition
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Term
| may be loose or dense and formed from fibroblasts |
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Definition
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Term
| comprised of several layers and may be keratinzed (skin) or unkeratinized (mouth). function to protect |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ can form glands or parts of glands in the body and covers the surfaces and lines of the walls of bode cavities and organs. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cardiac muslce contains _____ while smooth mucle contains ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| the ______ of a nm junction contains ACH receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| main function of acetylcholine esterase is to: |
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Definition
| prevent sustained muscle contraction |
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Term
| __________ promotes degradation of bone and release of calcium |
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Definition
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Term
| hematopoesis occurs in ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ are bundles of skeletal muscle fibers and are wrapped in perimysium |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| epithelial (covering/lining/gland forming), connective (support/binding), nervous, muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, sensory reception. |
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Term
| characteristics of epithelial |
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Definition
| cellular contribution (little ecm), specialized contacts (tight/gap/desmesomes), polarity, basement membrane, vascularity, and regeneration. |
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Term
| 3 major types of epithelial |
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Definition
| simple, stratified, and glandular |
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Term
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Definition
| single layer of flat cells with sparse cytoplasm. function in diffusion/filtration. |
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Term
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Definition
| function in secretion and absorption. ie: kindey |
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Term
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Definition
| oval nuclei. non-ciliated = digestive tract. ciliated = respiratory. function in secretion/absorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| usually thick, outer layers flat. function in protection (skin) |
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Term
| strat cuboidal and star columnar |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| one or more cells that make and secrete a ceullar product. most glands form by invagination of an epithelial sheet |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete homrones/product into surrounding extracell space. taken up by blood, lymph, and travel to target organs. mostly ductless glands, not all are epithelial derived (adrenal) |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete products onto epithelial surface or into body cavities. mostly epithelial derived. most have a duct and are more numerous than endocrine. may be uni (goblet-resp, digestive) or multicell (salivary glands) |
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Term
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Definition
| both endo and exocrine. endo = insulin and glucagon. exo = digestive enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| CT proper, cartilage, bone, blood. all derived from mesenchyme. mostly ECM |
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Term
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Definition
| support and bindint, protection, insulation, transportation |
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Term
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Definition
| amorphous material that fills space between CT cells. contains fibers and holds fluids. composed of interstitial fluid, adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans. |
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Term
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Definition
| elongated fibrous protein structures that provide support. 3 types: collagen, elastic, and reticular |
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Term
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Definition
| collagen protein monomers secreted by cells into ECM. assembled into touch, thick fibers in ECM. very strong |
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Term
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Definition
| makde of the protein elastin- coiled structre that stretches and recoils, found in skin, lungs, blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| fine protein fibers that form networks that support soft tissues and small vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| actively mitotic cells that form the ECM and produce blast CT cells which mature into cytes |
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Term
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Definition
| maintain health of the ECM, help maintiain equilibrium so aren't always present. |
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Term
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Definition
| loose, areolar, adipose, reticular, dense |
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Term
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Definition
| mostly widely distributed, absorbs h2o, usually vascular |
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Term
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Definition
| gel like matrix with 3 fibers types. found under epithelial tissue and surrounding capilaries |
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Term
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Definition
| stores nutrients, cushions/prevents heat loss, found in the hypodermis, abdomen, and boobs |
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Term
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Definition
| netowrk of reticular fibers in the ECM; found in lymphatic tissues, bone marrow. |
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Term
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Definition
| durable, used for structure/binding. found in tendons. mostly ligaments, demis, walls of large arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| hyaline, elastic, fibrous |
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Term
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Definition
| most abundant. "gristle". provides firm support. matrix appears amorphous and glassy. ex: nose, trachea |
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Term
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Definition
| abundant in elastin fibers. give extra flexibility. ex: ears |
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Term
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Definition
| absorbs compressive shock. contain thick collagen fibers. ex: intervertebral discs |
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Term
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Definition
| osseus tissue, matrix similar to cartilage except harder due to collagen fibers and Ca2+ salts. site of blood cell formation aka hematopoesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| blood cells surrounded by a fluid matrix. fibers are soluble proteins (fibrinogen) that aggregates and become visible upon clotting. |
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Term
| covering and lining membranes |
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Definition
| a continuous multicell sheet composed of at least 2 primary tissue types- an epithelium bount to an underlying layer of ct proper. 3 types: cutaneous, mucous, and serous |
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Term
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Definition
| skin. coprised of keratinized stratified squamous epithelial (epiderm) firmly attached to a thick layer of dense ct (dermis). |
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Term
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Definition
| mucosae. comprised of a strat squam or a simepl columnar epith with underlying loose ct called lamina propria. wet membrane bathed by secretions (mucous or urine). found in open body cavities- digestic, respiratory, urogenital tracts. adapted for absorption and secretion. |
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Term
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Definition
| simple squam epith with underlying loose ct. double walled sacs containing fluid. wet membranes. found in closed body cavities. has parietal and visceral surfaces. 3 types: pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum (abdominal). |
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Term
| neurons: dendrites v. axons |
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Definition
dendrites: carry electrical signals TOWARD the body
axon: carry AWAY from the body |
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Term
| neurons: supporting cells |
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Definition
| aka glia. non-neuronal cells of the nervous system that insulate, protect, support, and enhance the electrical activities of neurons. |
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Term
| Muslce tissue and its 3 types |
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Definition
| highly cellular, well vascularized tissue composed of elongated cells containing actin and myosin filaments. skeletal, cardiac, or smooth. |
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Term
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Definition
| long, cynlindrical, multi-nucleated cells with striations aka skeletal muscle fibers. function in voluntary movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| shorter, uni or binucleate cells with branching fibers that join at intercalated discs. involuntary! |
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Term
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Definition
| spindle shaped, uni-nucleate cells with no striations, aka smooth muscle fibers. involuntary |
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Term
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Definition
| enlargements of cell due to increase in size of cell |
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Term
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Definition
| enlargement in cell due to increase in number of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in size of cells due to a decrease in size or number of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| altered differentiation of cells to a type different than in the original tissue |
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Term
| functions of integumentary system |
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Definition
| protection, cutaneous sensation, temp regulation, excretion, and vitamin d metabolism |
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Term
|
Definition
| epidermis, dermis, hypodermis |
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Term
|
Definition
| outer most layer of skin comprised of mutliple layers of epithelial cells. thickness varies |
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Term
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Definition
| stratum corneum (outer. dead cells), stratum lucidum (absent in thin), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale (inner. mitotic. contains kertinocytes, melanocytes, and dendritic cells) |
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Term
| Cell types of epidermis: Keratinocytes |
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Definition
| predominant epithelial cell type of the epiderm that produces keratin |
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Term
| cell types of epidermis: Melanocytes |
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Definition
| epth cells that produce pigment (melanin) of skin and hair |
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Term
| cells types of the epidermis: dendritic cells |
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Definition
| immune cells (macrophages) |
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Term
| ll types of epidermis: merkel cells |
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Definition
| spike-shaped cells associated with sensory nerve ending that function as sensory receptors for touch |
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Term
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Definition
| strong, flexible layers composed of CT proper (cells, fibers, matrix) containing sensory receptors, nerces, blood, and lymphatic vessels. function to bind the epidermis, superficial blood vessels, and body together. |
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Term
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Definition
| mostly adipose ct plus some areolar ct. functions in fat storage-fuel reserve, insulation, and shock absorber. anchors skin to muscle yet allows skin to move over muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| present all over the body. function to cool body via evaporation and in excretion. |
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Term
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Definition
| present in localized areas. ie axillary |
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Term
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Definition
| produce the oily secretion sebum that lubricates and waterproofs the skin and hair. inflammataion contributes to acne |
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Term
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Definition
| comprised of keratinized cells that contain hard keratin formed in hair follicle by stratum basale cells. melanocytes produce color (in matrix) |
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Term
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Definition
| modification of epidermis that contain hard keratinized, formed by nail matrix |
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Term
| components of skeletal system |
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Definition
| bone, joints, cartilage, and ligaments. |
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Term
| functions of skeletal system |
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Definition
| support, aid in movement, protection, blood cell production, mineral homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
| made of dense fibrous ct. most are unmovable, no joint cavity. ek: suture of skull |
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Term
|
Definition
| made of cartilage. movable byt no joint cavity. ex: ribs |
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Term
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Definition
| moveable, have joint cavity with synovial fluid. made of cartilage and fibriuos ct. ex: joints of limbs |
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Term
| components of synovial joints |
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Definition
| 1. articular cartilage (covers opposing bone surface) 2. synovial cavity 3. articular capsule (fibrious capsule and synovial membrane) 4. synovial fluid (reduces friction, lubricates) 5. reinforcing ligaments (strengthens) |
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Term
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Definition
| flattened fibrous sacs near synovial joints. contain synovial fluid and reduce friction |
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Term
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Definition
| comprised of pillar-shaped structural units called osteons. comprised of layers (lamillae) of collagen fibers with osteocytes between the layers, and blood vessels and nerves running through the center |
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Term
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Definition
| bone with honeycomb like structure found internal to compact bone. contains red and yellow marrow. red marrow is site of hemopoeisis |
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Term
| the internal/external hone surfaces are covered with double layered membraneous tissue called ___ and ____ |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| stem cells that give rise to osteblasts |
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Term
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Definition
| cone forming cells that produce andsecrete bone matrix elements |
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Term
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Definition
| cells matured from osteoblasts that maintain bone matrix. also act as stress sensors |
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Term
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Definition
| bone degrading cells that digest bone to mainin proper Ca2+ levels in the body. |
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Term
| bone deposit by ________ and degredation by __________ |
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Definition
| osteoblast and osteoclasts |
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Term
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Definition
| contsol when bone is degraded and calcium is released in response to need for calcium in the body. stimulates: 1. osteoclasta and 2. kidneys to convert vit d to calcitrol which increases calcium absorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates calcium salt deposit in the bone. occurs when calcium levels are high. produced in thyroid |
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Term
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Definition
| the CT covering that muscles are wrapped in |
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Term
| bundles of skeletal muscle cells ______ are wrapped in a ct covering called the _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| individual skeletal muslce cells ______ are wrapped in the ct covering called the __________ |
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Definition
| muscle fibers, endomysium |
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Term
| description of skeletal muscle cells |
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Definition
| aka muslce fibers. long cylindrical cells with multiple neclei formed by fusion of the embryonic cells. fontain myofibrils. |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized plasma memrane of skeletal muscles cells. invaginates into T tubules at the end of the a band i band junction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| rod-like structures contained within skeletal muslce cells that are the contractile elements. are specialized cytoskeletal elements/organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| compose the myofibril. 3 parts: thick, thin, and elastic |
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Term
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Definition
| comprised of myosin with head and tail regions |
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Term
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Definition
| comprised mostly of actin. also contains regulatory proteins: tropomyosin and troponin |
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Term
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Definition
tropomyosin: blocks myosin binding sites on actin to prevent myosin binding (covers where myosin would bond)
Troponin: 3 subunit protein that binds actin, tropomyosin, and calcium |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| daker region containing thick filaments (myosin) |
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Term
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Definition
| lighter region lacking thick filaments |
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Term
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Definition
| center region of the i band containing the protein nebulin that anchors the thin filaments (actin) |
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Term
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Definition
| lighter region in the center of each a band lacking thin filaments when the muscle fiber is relaxed |
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Term
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Definition
| highly specialized smooth er of the muscle cells that form a network of tubules around each myofibril within muscle cell. regulates intracellular levels of calcium by storing calcium and releasing it when needed for muscle contraction. ther TERMINAL CISTERNAE of the sr are the end sacs that abutt the t tubules. |
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Term
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Definition
| a myofibril segment from z disc to z disc aka the contractile unit. |
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Term
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Definition
| proposed mech of contraction that states that during contraction the thin filament actin slide past the thick filmaent myosin so that they come closer together and then overlap. thick remains in place while actin movies |
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Term
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Definition
| i bands and h zones disappear during contraction due to sliding movement of actin. sliding is mediated by cross bridges (myosin heads) attaching, ratcheting, and detaching from actin filaments. |
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Term
| when intracell calcium levels are low |
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Definition
| tropomyosin blocks the myosin binding site of actin, so the crossbridges are inactive. |
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Term
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Definition
| calcium, released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum upon stimulation of the muscle, binds to troponin C. which undergoes a conformational change that allows the myosin cross bridges to attach to actin and undergo the sliding filament mechanism. |
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Term
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Definition
| comprised of synapses. junction of a motor neuron with its branched axonal terminal and skeletal muscle cell or cardiac muscle cell. site where release of Ach by a motor neuron stimulates muscle fiber contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized folded area of the muscle fiber sarcolemma at the nm junction. aka POST synaptic cleft. contains Ach receptors that Ach binds to, causing them to open. ach receptors are cation channels |
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Term
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Definition
| space between the motor neuron and the motor nueron end plate into which ach is released |
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Term
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Definition
| present in the motor neuron axonal ending. containg the excitatory neurotrans ach which is released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme present in the nm junction synaptic cleft that cleaves ach. this prevents continues muslce contraction |
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Term
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Definition
1. electrical signal (AP) in motor neuron travels to the axon terminal
2. calcium enters the axon terminal
3. stimulates ach release from synaptic vesicles in the axon terminal
4. ach diffuses thru synaptic cleft, binds to ach receptors on motor endplate of sarcolemma. |
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Term
|
Definition
ach binding to ach receptors allows Na+ intry into the skeletal muscle cell ( and K+ out) which causes a change in the sarcolemma membrane potential (depolarization) aka the end plate potential.
6. voltage sensitive Na+ channels open
7. leads to AP along sarcolemma of muscle cell -> -> -> muscle contraction |
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Term
|
Definition
| al electrical impulse generated by a rpid influx of Na+ into a cell, resulting the depolarization of the membrane above the threshold level. Ach receptors open, post synaptic membrane depolarizes, causing a change in membrane potential (the AP) |
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|
Term
| 2 electrical signals for skeletal muscle contraction |
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Definition
one that triggers release of ach from presynaptic neuron terminal
and one that on the sarcolemma that triggers muscle cell contraction. |
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Term
| excitation or contractino coupling |
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Definition
| the sequence of events by which transmission of an AP along the sacrolemma leads to the sliding of the myofilaments which results in a muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| motor neuron and all the msucle fibers it innervates. may be comprised of a few or many muscle fibers depending on the muscle type |
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Term
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Definition
| slightly contracted state of muscles even when not in use. spinal reflex response to activation of stretch receptors that activate a motor unit. keeps muslce firm, ready to respond. stabilize joints and maintin posture. |
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Term
| desription of cardiac muscle |
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Definition
| straited, but different than skeletal due to branching cells. involuntary! cardiomyocites contain large mitochon for constant energy. uni or binucleate. less uniform myofibrils. endomysium attached to the fibrous covering of the heart. has no peri or epimysium. |
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|
Term
| nercalated discs of cardiac muscle |
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Definition
| junctions between cardiac muscle fibers containing desmesomes and gap junctions. help coordinate cardiac muslce cell contraction |
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|
Term
| cardiac muscle cell ocntraction |
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Definition
| similar to skeletal in that the sr releases calcium, uses sliding filament mech, has troponin C regulationg, etc. ANS signal may excite (neurotrans) or inhibit (Ach). speed of contraction is slower. display autorhythmicity (spont firing of some cells). |
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Term
| description of smooth muscle |
|
Definition
| makes up walls of hollow organs. ex: GI Tract, arteries. small spindle shaped cells with single nuclei. not striated. have actin and myosin attached to dense bodies (aka no myofibrils!). sliding filament mechanism (with myofilaments). uses calmudin not troponin for calcium regulatied contraction. |
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|
Term
| diffused junctions of smooth muscle |
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Definition
| junctions where axons terminal from the ANS make contact on the smooth muscle. no motor end plate. neurotrans released from and neuron terminal into wide synaptic cleft.. diffused to receptors on the smooth muscle cells. |
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|
Term
| neurotransmitters of the smooth muscle |
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Definition
| norepinephrine, epinephrine, and Ach. |
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