Term
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Definition
| conduct from one part to another |
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Term
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Definition
dendrite "brings" information axon "takes" away |
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Term
how to remove
Acetylcholine from synapse |
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Definition
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Term
| how is white matter arranged in CNS |
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Definition
| deep to the gray matter in cerebrum. arranged in fiber tracts. in general axons composed of white. gray matter associated w/dendrites & nerve cells. |
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Term
| how many lobes does cerebrum contain |
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Definition
| 5: frontal/parietal/occipital/temporal/insula(covered) |
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Term
| where does parkinson's occur in the brain |
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Definition
| degeneration of substantia nigra in midbrain and therefore lack of dopamine production |
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Term
| where does knee-jerk response have reflex center |
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Definition
| gray matter, member of spinal cord L2-L4 |
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Term
| Which Cranial Nerve goes to the lateral rectus eye muscle? |
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Definition
| Abducens – Cranial Nerve VI |
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Term
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Definition
By secretion from the choroids plexuses drips into roofs of the cerebral ventricles taken up through venous system |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood cells, proteins, urea, and glucose. |
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Term
| What does medulla oblongata control? |
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Definition
It controls autonomic functions like:
• Respiration (via dorsal or ventral respiratory group)
• Blood pressure
• Heart Rate
• Swallowing
• Stretch tendons in joints and muscles
• Coughing, sneezing, vomiting and defacation
• hiccuping
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Term
| Where would you NOT find white matter? |
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Definition
| cerebral cortex, cerebellum, cerebrum. |
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Term
| The motor nerve of the Lumbar Plexus is |
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Definition
Femoral Nerve and cutaneous branches
Nerve to cutaneous thigh |
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Term
| What does trochlear nerve do? |
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Definition
| Rotates the eyes. Works on superior oblique. |
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Term
| The ventral root of a spinal nerve is involved in what? |
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Definition
| contain motor (efferent) fibers that innervate skeletal muscles |
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Term
| What kind of nerves carry impulses toward the CNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| The peripheral ganglia of the parasympathetic NS are located…. |
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Definition
| In the walls of the target organs |
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Term
| How long are the post ganglionic fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a beta blocker do? |
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Definition
drugs that bind to beta-adrenoceptors and thereby block the binding of norepinephrine and epinephrine to these receptors. block adrenaline & reduce demand of heart muscle for oxygen. |
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Term
| Incoming light strikes which structure first? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the Fovea Centralis and what does it do? |
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Definition
| Located in the center of the macula lutea region of the retina. It is the center of visual acuity |
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Term
| What are the refractive media of the eye? |
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Definition
| Cornea → aqueous humor → lens → vitreous humor |
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Term
| What is the basic functional unit of hearing? |
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Definition
| Spiral organs of corti located in the cochlea |
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Term
| In the inner ear, sound waves move through what medium? |
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Definition
| Perilymphatic and Endolymphatic fluid |
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Term
| Different image focusing problems: |
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Definition
Myopia – short vision
Hyperopia – far vision
Astigmatism – focus all light rays @ same time.correct w/cylindrical lens
Presbyopia – age related. Correct w/bifocal
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Term
| How is the aqueous humor drained? |
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Definition
| directing channel out of the anterior chamber; and draining aqueous humor through the tubular( trabecular meshwork) body to reduce intraocular pressure in the living eye. |
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Term
| Where and how is conduction deafness caused? |
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Definition
| Impacted earwax blocking external acoustic meatus or a perforated eardrum preventing sound conduction to the ossicles. Most common: middle ear inflammations (otitis media) and otosclerosis “hardening of the ear” of the ossicles . occurs when overgrowth of bony tissue fuses the stapes foot plate to the oval window or welds the ossicles to one another. |
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Term
| What causes glaucoma and what structures are involved? |
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Definition
Most types of glaucoma are caused by elevated intraocular pressures, which are the pressures within your eyes.
Lens and cornea are the structures involved.
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Term
| What do the rods and cones do? |
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Definition
The rods are most sensitive to light and dark changes, shape and movement & peripheral
Cones give light and vision color – important in dim light and straight ahead vision. |
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Term
| Where are the receptors for the hearing located? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the meibomian glands produce? |
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Definition
responsible for the supply of sebum, an oily substance that prevents evaporation of the eye's tear film
sebaceous glands on eyelids |
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Term
| What is static equilibrium and where are the receptors located? |
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Definition
| Sensory receptors (for SE) are the maculae: 1 in each saccule & utricle wall.Monitor position of head in space;play key role in posture.Respond to linear acceleration (straight-line), not rotation. |
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Term
| Which of our sense organs are connected to the trigeminal and olfactory nerves? |
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Definition
Mixed vision & taste, touch (face)
Taste and sensation of feeling
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Term
| What is the function of visceroceptors? |
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Definition
| Visceroceptors, which are located in blood vessels and viscera, provide information about the internal environment. This information arises from within the body and may be felt as pain, taste, fatigue, hunger, thirst and nausea |
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Term
| Which cranial nerve controls most of the eye muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does fertilization normally occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does testosterone do? |
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Definition
| Stimulate formation of male reproductive organs, glands, skeletal mass, hair. Spermatogenesis can’t take place w/o. |
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Term
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Definition
Stimulates ovarian follicles and production of estrogen.
In male; stimulate sperm production.
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Term
| Where is progesterone secreted? |
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Definition
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Term
What does LH do?
What would low levels do in male?
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Definition
Triggers ovulation and stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone.
Low level of LH in men signals the testes to produce less testosterone., prevent sexual maturity ... Older men generally have lower testosterone levels than younger men do.
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Term
| Where is estrogen secreted? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do high estrogen levels result in? |
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Definition
| Causes pituitary to secrete more lutenizing hormones causing puberty in females. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase contraction on women in labor until baby is fully born. Involved in the let-down reflex of mammary apparatus. |
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Term
| Differences between Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis |
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Definition
| Gamete production in males begins at puberty and continues throughout life, but the situation is quite different in females. It has been assumed that a female’s total supply of eggs is already determined by the time she is born, and the time span during which she releases them extends only from puberty to menopause (about the age of 50) |
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Term
| How is the primitive streak formed? |
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Definition
| Epiblast moving inward & upwards |
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Term
| What happens during gastrulation? |
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Definition
When change two layer disc to becoming germ layer |
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Term
| What is the sequence of preembryonic structures? |
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Definition
• Fertilized egg
• Zygote
• Blastomere
• Morula (72 hrs after fert blastulation)
• Blastocyst
• Gastrulation
• somite
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Term
| What does implantation involve? |
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Definition
The trophoblast implants in the endometrium. completed when the blastocyst surrounded by endometrial tissue, 12 days after ovulation.
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) released by blastocyst maintains hormone production in corpus luteum, prevents menses. |
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Term
| What happens during weeks 13-16 |
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Definition
| Cerebellum is forming, sense organ starts to differentiate, eyes blink, sucking, face human-like glands in intestinal tract begin to develop. |
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Term
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Definition
| Turns fetal position, lanugo hair covers skin, limbs are in proper proportion. |
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Term
| What does Trophoblast form |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Outer of three-embryonic layers. skin, nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the growing fetus |
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Term
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Definition
| carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta in the umbilical cord |
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Term
| What is Allantois and what does it become? |
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Definition
| Becomes an umbilical cord |
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Term
| What structures originate in the yolk sac? |
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Definition
| Becomes blood vessels & cells, primitive gut/ digestive tube |
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Term
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Definition
| drop in estrogen levels. endometrium detaches from uterine wall, bleeding. |
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