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| Part of the slave compromise at the Constitutional Convention. |
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| Part of the Slavery Compromise, where 3 out of every 5 slaves were counted as part of state population for taxation and representation |
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| A list of problems that Luther had with the Catholic church, outlining doctrinal problems as well as practices Luther felt sinful. Most important on the list were the indulgences. |
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| King Henry VIII established himself as supreme head of the Church of England. |
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| Scottish philosopher and economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations. He is considered the Father of economics. |
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| Served as the first Secretary of the Treasury under Washington and founded the Federalist Party. He also co-wrote The Federalist and championed a strong central government |
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| Frenchman who wrote Democracy in America, in which he explored the uniqueness of American character and its sources. |
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| Decedents of the Anabaptists. |
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| Christians from the radical reformation. Direct decendents today, Amish and Mennonites. Rejected many traditions such as wedding rings, oaths, bearing arms, and participating in civic government. Did not believe in infant baptism. |
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| no one person our group maintains absolute power. Characterized by mass disorder caused by failure to agree on a common course of action; part of the human predicament cycle. |
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| Name given to members of the Church of England, formed when Henry VIII decided that he needed a divorce that the Catholics wouldn’t give him. Practices and doctrine essentially the same as Catholic doctrine. |
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| Sister of Mary II. Did not have any surviving children. Power shifted more towards ministers at this time. |
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| Second wife of King Henry VIII. Refused to be seduced by Henry unless made queen. Did not have any sons with Henry. |
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| German Noblewoman, 4th wife of Henry VIII. Only married for a few months. After annulment Anne became a good friend of Henry, called "the Kings Beloved Sister. |
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| Political group that was against the ratification of the constitution |
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| Greek term for human virtue, the backbone of republican morality. Striving for excellence. |
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| Rule based on distinguished or wise ancestors and heritage. |
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| House of Representatives. Chosen every 2nd year by the People of the state. Contains 3/5 comp. First 1:30,000 ratio, now about 1:646,000, limit 435 representatives. Impeachment power. |
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| Senate. 2 senators from each state, 6yr term, Direct Election. Vice Pres. is President of senate, vote only counts if there is a tie. Power to try all impeachments. |
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| Enumerated powers, powers specifically listed. Taxes, duties, imposts, and excises. Barrow money on US credit. Regulate commerce with foreign nations, make money, declare war (Korean and Vietnam never declared) |
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| Limitations of congress. Forbid to ban slave importation before 1808. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law. No tax on goods exported from states. |
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| The Executive branch. Can do 4 things. Veto, must explain why. Sign bill, not sign more than 10 days becomes law, and pocket veto less 10 days bill dies. |
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| Judicial Power vested in 1 supreme court. Their purpose is to say what is law. |
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| Governs the relationships among the states. States had to respect one another's court decisions and laws. |
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| Amendments. 2 ways to ratify legislators or ratifying conventions of 3/4 of the states. Legislators used most. |
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| The Supreme Law of the Land. Debts and oaths. |
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| Ratification. The constitution could move forward with 9 of the 13 states ratified it. 11 of the 13 states ratified. Later N. Carolina and Rhode Island ratified. |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| Document outlining alliance of sovereign, equal states in which there was a weak central governing Continental Congress. |
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| Form of government in which it sees the people as children and must be controlled or be in a controlled envrionment. |
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| uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by a planter Nathaniel Bacon. Protest against Indian attacks, burned capital and chased governor out. |
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| British Military leader. Hated because he burned homes and supplies. Lost the battle of Cowpens, but escaped. |
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| Frenchman who offered to train Washington's army in Valley Forge. Taught very important bayonet techniques. |
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| Successful military leader. Gates took his accomplishments. Bitter he switched side, tried to give British West Point. Boot Monument for him. |
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| ONe of the most well known founders, also a leading printer, scientist, inventor, and diplomat. Helped secure ally with France during Revolutionary War. Senior |
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| A legislative governing body that is split into two houses or groups. |
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| A legislative governing body that is split into two houses or groups. |
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| Legislative act that punishes a person without a trial |
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| Death of 5 civilians by British Troops. John Adams defended the soldiers. |
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| The Sons of Liberty boarded British trade ships and dumped tons of tea into the ocean in protest of the british not allowing americans to drink other types of tea. |
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| bears the name of the French reformer John Calvin, best known for its doctrines of predestination and total depravity, stressing the absolute sovereignty of God. Salvation comes through grace only, not works . |
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| A group of firms that act together like a monopoly. |
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| First wife of Henry VIII. Her daughter became Queen Mary. Did not recognize Henry as supreme religious ruler. |
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| British General. Defeated Gates at the Battle of Camden. |
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| Struggled with parliament, advocate of the divine right of kings. His rule ended in civil war. He was beheaded. |
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| Anti puritan ruler. Instituted the navigation acts. Converted to catholicism on his deathbed. |
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| One of the four alternative forms of government; sees people (and government) as mostly good but corruptible and so government should have restricted power and try to encourage a good moral climate. |
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| A procedural motion to end debate on a bill |
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| When sellers are conspiring to maintain a high price and avoid competing with one another. |
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| An economic system in which the allocation of resources is heavily controlled by government instead of free market forces. |
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Term
| Committees of Correspondence |
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Definition
| Groups organized by local colonial governments for the purposes of coordinating written communication with the other colonies. They disseminated the colonial interpretation of British actions among the colonies and to foreign governments. The network of committees would later provide the basis for formal political union among the colonies. |
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Definition
| law that is considered to be from natural law principles but is framed in a form that can be interpreted more concretely |
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| Written by Thomas Paine. Helped convince the colonists to fight against the British for independence. |
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| The idea that the “Country party” had the best strategy and opportunity to preserve liberty against the “Court party.” |
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| French Admiral, in command of French Navy during the revolutionary war. Led the victory in the Battle of Chesapeake Bay. |
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| Commander of French Land troops, given 6,000 men. Joined Washington for the battle of Yorktown. |
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| Form of church governance based on the local congregation. |
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| All laws must be agreed upon by those who must live them |
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| Great American victory. Took advantage of Tarleton's quick action. Morgan had his men fire 2 shoots and retreat. |
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| Teamster, led "Morgan's Sharpshooters". Won the Battle of Cowpens against Tarleton. |
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| Scotish philosopher and economist. Came up with the idea of Hume's Filter. |
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| Declaration of Independence |
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| Written after the war started to give people more of a sense of what was being fought for. Written by Jefferson and closely resembles Locke’s work. |
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| A severe recession, usually characterized by an unemployment rate higher than 10% |
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| Political theory that royal lines are established by God and that kings rule by divine decree. |
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| rule of law principle that states when laws are applied they must be administered impartially. |
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| Governor of Virginia and delegate to the Constitutional Convention. Proposed Madison's Virginia Plan, refused to sign the Constitution because it contained no bill of rights, later was instrumental in persuading Virginia to ratify it |
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| British General during the French & Indian War. Sent to dislodge the French. |
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| A goal for economic systems to produce the most goods for the most people. |
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| An economy in which all benefits are maximized to the point that one party cannot increase their benefits without decreasing the benefits of others. |
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| Ruled as queen of england, "Virgin Queen". Last monarch of Tudor Dynasty. More fully established Church of England, forced compulsory attendance. |
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| the governments power to take private property for public use. |
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| Written listing of the powers of governmet |
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| The price at which the quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied. |
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| A goal for economic systems to distribute goods and rewards fairly. |
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| Dutch Renaissance humanist. Wanted to reform the Church from within. |
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| Criminalize actions after the fact |
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| A third party not directly involved in the transaction either invokes benefits or costs because of that exchange. |
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| a quasi-governmental organization formed to regulate the money supply and help keep the economy stable. |
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| Appointed for life, can only be removed from office by impeachment. Appointed by the President. Then ratified by the Senate. |
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| Series of essays published in New York newspapers, for the express purpose of gaining support for the ratification of the Constitution. Written by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay |
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Definition
| Unlimited and often irrelevant debate on a bill designed to prevent a vote on the bills passage |
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Term
Filters of Consent
or
Hume's Filter |
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Definition
| When people select the most virtuous representatives, who in turn select even more virtuous government officials |
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Definition
| plan in which government policymakers use public expenditures and taxes to offset or eliminate an expected decline in aggregate demand. By increasing public expenditures and decreasing taxes, money is channeled into the economy in an attempt to “prime the pump” and encourage consumer spending to correct the economic downturn. |
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| British Vice Admiral. Led a major voyage against Spanish ports and ships to the Caribbean. Destroyed the Spanish fleet of Warships. |
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Definition
| Considered the father of Guerrilla warfare. Led to todays Army Rangers. His men were unpaid and used their own supplies. |
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Definition
| those who consume a resource without paying for it, or pay less than the full cost of its production. |
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Definition
| Fort constructed by George Washington during the French and Indian war to withstand a French counter-attack. Overrun and Washington was forced to surrender, unknowingly admit to the murder of a French diplomat. |
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| All laws must be made to be applied to the general public. |
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| First Hanoverian monarch in England. Never spoke english in public. |
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| Led Britain into many wars. Started the 7 years war, but would never see its end before his death. |
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| King of Great Britain during the revolutionary war. Considered a tyrant by the Americans. |
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| Virginia delegate to the Constitutional Convention, refused to sign the Constitution because it did not contain a bill of rights |
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| Highest ranking American military officer on the frontier. "Lewis and Clark". Seized British outposts to stop their influence on the native Americans. |
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| Known as the "Father of His Country". Led the continental army to victory, Elected as first Pres. First victory at Trenton. |
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| The concept of drawing district boundaries to include only political supporters allowing one to easily be re-elected. |
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| Greene lead 4000 soilders and lost to the british here in N. Carolina, Greene retreated south into S. Carolina. help unravel british control. |
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| 1688 bloodless English revolution against the King, making the King subject to Parliament; considered a true founding of government. Overthrew James II, and Mary and William of Orange took his place. |
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| Proposed by Roger Sherman, it brought together the New Jersey and Virginia Plans by having an upper congressional house representation equal by state and the lower house representation proportional by population |
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| Court order directing that the officer who has custody of a prisoner show cause why the prisoner is being held |
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| Two founding fathers who refused to become Justices in Supreme Court. |
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| American Bookseller. Chief artillery officer in Revolutionary War. Set up artillery at the siege of Boston. Assisted in many other battles. Promoted to Bri. General. |
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Definition
| King of england and Lord of Ireland. Married Elizabeth of York. Set up marriage of Catharine of Aragon to his son Author Tudor, who died. Then arranged marriage of Catherine to Henry VIII. |
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| King of England, second monarch in the Tudor Dynasty. Started the Church of England, had many wives. Numerous health issues later in life. |
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Definition
| German soldiers who came to the colonies to help England during the Revolutionary War. A key battle involving them was the battle of Trenton where Washington defeated an army of them without the loss of a single soldier. |
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| Brigadier General in revolutionary war. Wanted Washington's position. Credited for Victory at battle of Saratoga. |
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| an assembly of representatives elected by the common people of the Virginia colony, similar to the House of Commons. |
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Definition
| Followers of John Calvin in France. |
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Definition
| Leader of reformation in Switzerland. Attacked fasting durning lent, and images in places of worship. Thought reformation to conservative. Could not agree on all points with Luther |
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Definition
| focuses on human values and concerns, focused on the possibility of humans to become great and their potential in life |
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Definition
| Process by which a civil officer of the US is charged with wrong doing. There have been two presidential impeachments, Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton. |
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Definition
| Those powers not specifically listed in the constitution that can be inferred from the enumerated powers |
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Definition
| Taxes on imports or general taxes |
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Definition
| same as natural rights, Fundamental right granted by nature the government cannot abrogate and which government is bound to protect |
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Definition
| paying for sins to be forgiven, before they happened, using the ‘Saints’ good deeds |
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Definition
| Series of laws passed by British parliament forced on colonists. Such as the Tea act, Quartering. Lead to the revolution. |
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Definition
| Son of Mary I, succeeded Elizabeth I as King of Great Britain. Let Catholics worship, but unkind to them. Had peace and low taxation. |
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Definition
| Last Catholic monarch. Was overthrown by William of Orange and his daughter Mary. |
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| 4TH President and founding father, often called the father of the Constitution, co-wrote The Federalists, and helped Jefferson create the Democratic-Republican Party |
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| A primary framer of the Constitution, proposed the 3/5s compromise. Also key in the ratification of Constitution in Pennsylvania |
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| 3rd wife of Henry. Gave Henry his coveted son Edward. Died after childbirth. |
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Definition
| 3rd wife of Henry. Gave Henry his coveted son Edward. Died after childbirth. |
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| Founding Father, proponent of the bicameral legislature, served as 2ND President of the US. |
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| Influential French theologian and reformer. Strongly taught predestination. His thoughts inspired the puritan movement. America and its founding is stemmed from his followers and teachings. |
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Definition
| Founding Father, Jay served a president of the Continental Congress, co-wrote The Federalist and served as the first Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court |
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| Second treatise of Government. |
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| 4TH Chief Justice of the US, ruled writs of mandamus were unconstitutional in Marbury v. Madison, establishing judicial review. |
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Definition
| Scottish born, Joined American Navy. Helped in many US naval victories, Named a ship Bonhomme Richard after Franklin. "I have not yet begun to fight" |
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Definition
| Early British settler at Jamestown - married Pocahontas. Big Part in the tobacco production of Virginia. |
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Definition
| Did NOT marry Pocahontas, helped to establish the colony at Jamestown, explorer and eventual leader of the entire Virginia colony. |
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Definition
| Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop is know for his sermon "A model of Christian Charity" in which he stated that the Puritan colony would be a "City on a HIll". |
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Definition
| English theologian, reformist, and translator. was a strong advocate for translating the bible in the common tongue. Followers called Lollards |
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Definition
| From Husinec, Bohemia. Influenced by Wycliffe, Followers called Hussites or Taborites. Strong influence on Martin Luther |
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Definition
| Mohawk leader and British military officer during the Revolutionary war. Most well known North American Indian. |
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Definition
| American doctor and soldier. Promoted Maj. General, voluntarily fought at Bunker Hill, killed instantly by musket ball to the head. |
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Definition
| French diplomat killed by the Half King during the 7 yrs war |
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Definition
| de facto monarch of England for just over a week. Cousin of Edward VI. She was a strong supporter of Protestantism. |
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Definition
| de facto monarch of England for just over a week. Cousin of Edward VI. She was a strong supporter of Protestantism. |
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Definition
| abstention by gov from interfering in the workings of the free market |
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Term
| Law of Comparative Advantage |
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Definition
| Economic principle that because of varying opportunity costs between producers, it is more beneficial for producers to specialize and exchange than try to produce everything individually. |
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Term
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Definition
| As the price of a particular good or service rises, individuals will buy less of that good or service. |
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Term
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Definition
| As the price of a particular good or service rises, suppliers will produce more of that good or service. |
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Definition
| One of the 4 alternative form s of Government. sees people in the most favorable light, but institutions or other influences can corrupt them, so government is necessary to protect them from such corruption. |
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Definition
| One of the 4 alternative forms of government, sees the mist important value as individual freedom and holds that government should only protect that freedom and nothing more. |
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Definition
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| Followers of Martin Luther. |
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Definition
| Supreme court case in which judicial review was established |
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Definition
| A system in which the economy is not governed by a government, but left to the consent of the people. |
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Definition
| Frenchman who fled to America, and offered to serve in the army without pay. Commissioned Maj. General. Used his influence in France to gain more support for America. |
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Definition
| Nailed 95 thesis's to church door. Translated the Bible into German. Started the Lutheranism, married a former nun started practice of cleric marriage. |
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Definition
| "Bloody Mary" 4th Monarch in Tudor Dynasty. Restored Catholicism to England. Burned or killed many religious dissenters at the stake. |
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Definition
| Came to thrown following the Glorious revolution. Mary ruled when William was abroad. Bill of Rights established at this time. |
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Definition
| Queen of Scotland during the reign of Henry VIII. |
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Definition
| Established by the Massachusetts Bay Company. |
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Definition
| Decedents of the Anabaptist. |
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Definition
| Economic theory that emphasized importance of stockpiling gold and silver to the economic power of a nation. Mercantilists regulated by encouraging exports and restricting imports. |
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Definition
| Federal Reserve uses the money supply and interest rates to offset or eliminate an expected decline in aggregate demand. By increasing the money supply and pushing down interest rates, the Fed can encourage individual consumers and businesses to react with increased spending, which would in turn stimulate the economy. |
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Definition
| When one person or group captures enough market power to control or manipulate prices; the lack of competition in a market. |
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Definition
| French politician thinker who favored the British of rule and lauded the idea of separation of powers. |
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Definition
| French politician thinker who favored the British of rule and lauded the idea of separation of powers. |
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Definition
| Son of a Quaker. Studied military tactics. Promoted from Private to Bri. General. Given Gates job. |
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Definition
| Fundamental right granted by nature the government cannot abrogate and which government is bound to protect |
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Term
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Definition
| Territory northwest of the Ohio River. |
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Definition
| Form of government in which most or all political power rests with a small segment of society, typically the most powerful. |
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Definition
| Led England's parliamentary government and became Lord Protector of England. Thought the Army was the ruling body. Believed God was directing him as a chosen person. Hated Catholicism and invaded Scotland and Ireland killed many. |
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Definition
| The value of the best alternative not chosen. |
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Definition
| Began as advisors to the king in 1066 but really took hold during the 1215 Magna Carta. Has developed over time into British legislative system. |
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Definition
| "Give me liberty or give me death" given at Virginia House of Burgesses, Anti-federalist, pushed for bill of rights. |
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Definition
| Set up warning system in Boston to watch the British, well known for the "Midnight Ride". Captured by british troops before reaching Concord. |
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Definition
| When buyers and sellers have no influence on price and terms of exchange. |
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Definition
| King of Spain starting 1556. Helped expand Spanish empire into every known continent. |
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Definition
| small congregation of separatists seeking to distance themselves, physically and spiritually, from the Church of England by emigrating to New England. |
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Definition
| Receiving the Largest amount of votes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Colony settled by the pilgrims. Not a colony for money, but for religious freedom. |
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Definition
| Indian chief's daughter. Assisted the settlers at Jamestown. Married John Rolfe and moved to England. |
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Definition
| British policies introduced in those lands disturbed large numbers of Indians, and contributed to the outbreak in 1763 of the conflict. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clause at the beginning of constitution or statute that explains the reason for its passage |
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Term
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Definition
| emphasizes the sovereignty of God, the authority of the Scriptures, and the necessity of grace through faith in Christ. Originated primarily in Scotland. Calvinistic theory, Knox helped it in Scotland. |
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Definition
| Evidence before the trial is sufficient to prove the case, Will result in an indictment from a grand jury. |
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Definition
| Enlgish colonies cannot expand west of the Appalachian mountains. |
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Definition
| rule of law principle that states laws must apply to future action and not past action. |
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Term
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Definition
| State controlled and protected by another. |
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Term
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Definition
| A good or service that, if consumed by one individual, does not diminish the amount of that good or service that remains available to others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Publicity All laws must be open to the public. Laws must be known and certain, everyone knows of their existence and enforcement is reliable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Followers of Calvin. Wanted a greater reformation. Sought many reformations in the church and government. Their movement called for greater commitment to Jesus Christ and personal Holiness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Between 5 and 10.9% unemployment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which each state draws the boundaries of its congressional districts, according to number of representatives allocated by congress |
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Term
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Definition
| Writer and proponent of the Separatist movement of the Church of England. His writings inspired groups like the pilgrims to emigrate to America for religious freedom. |
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Term
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Definition
| Connecticut delegate to the Constitutional Convention, proposed The Great Compromise |
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Term
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Definition
| In a market economy, prices determine the quantity of goods supplied. |
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Term
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Definition
| In a market economy, as profits increase, the number of suppliers and resources for making that good will increase. |
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| was the nickname given to the supporters of the Parliament during the English Civil War. |
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| Massachusetts statesman and organizer of the Boston Tea Party. Served in Continental Congress and signed the Declaration of Independence, opposed to strong central government |
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| Rode with Revere and Dawes. Helped as a surgeon in Lexington for a short time, after Dec. 1777 no records of him. |
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| won by Benedict Arnold - who didn’t follow Gates’ strategy, Franklin and LaFayette got Frances aid in the war. Gates gave no credit to Arnold, which contributed to Arnold’s betrayal of the patriots. |
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| Economic condition where resources and supply cannot meet all demands, and therefore decisions must be made about which demands to meet. |
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| English Protestants who occupied the extreme wing of Puritanism. Wanted separation from the Church of England. |
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| What the british called the French and Indian war. started by George II fished with George III. |
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| Debt-ridden farmers and veterans in Massachusetts. burned courthouses to escape foreclosure. |
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| the social concept of a group of autonomous individuals living in a state of nature, making a common agreement about the sort of political world they want to live in. |
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| group of patriots, who, through almost terrorist-like tactics to enforce boycotts, bother British troops, steal British goods, and in general be a nuisance. |
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| Ultimate political power, having the “final say.” |
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| Defeated by Elizabeth I. Spain's impressive sea power. |
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| Leader of the House, chosen by majority vote. 3rd in line of presidential succession. |
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| The economic practice of focusing resources on production of one or a few goods. |
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| Treatise on political theory written by Montesquieu, greatly influenced the founding fathers. |
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| gave us “original sin” and “Just war” concepts. Taught about a Church as a spiritual city. Influenced many views of towns and villages. |
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| First to raise revenue for the war, tax on all paper goods. To include attorney licenses, other papers relating to court proceedings, land grants, playing cards, dice, newspapers and pamphlets. |
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| best-known work of Thomas Aquinas. It presents the reasoning for almost all points of Christian theology in the West. |
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| highest court in the US government. Has the power to interpret the constitution. Their decisions can only be reversed in two ways, a constitutional amendment, or the court changing its mind. |
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| A nickname given to Marion. Eluded Tarleton by traveling near swamps. |
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| part of the intolerable act- taxing the Tea- gave the East india trading company a monopoly on the tea. |
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| gov in which God or a deity is recognized as a supreme civil ruler. A system of gov by priests claiming a divine commission. |
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| gave us “original sin” and “Just war” concepts. Taught about a Church as a spiritual city. Authored Summa Theologica |
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| Archbishop of Canterbury, english reformer. Wrote the Book of Common Prayer. Tried for treason by Catholic monarch Mary I. |
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| Strong advocate of reformation. Presided over the dissolution of monasteries. Downfall can from pushing marriage of Henry to Anne of Cleves. |
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| British General, fought in French and indian war with Washington. Led British troops in beginning of war, replaced after Boston failure by Gen. Howe. |
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| father of the declaration of independence. and the third President of the United States |
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| English Lawyer, statesman, and author. Stong protector of Catholic church and persecutor of protestants. Gained high status with King Henry, beheaded because he refused to sign Act of Supremacy. |
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| Publisher of Common Sense. |
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| English Statesman, and Cardinal in catholic church. King Henry VIII important advisor. Became Archbishop of York. Unable to secure of annulment for Henry to Catharine and marriage to Anne Boleyn brought his downfall. |
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| Written by John Adams. Adams's suggestions on the establishment of a new government and the drafting of a constitution. |
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| Only crime outlined in the constitution. |
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| End of the 7 years or French & Indian War. Placed a boundary on the western expansion of American Colonies. |
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| Ended the Revolutionary War. |
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| absolute power centralized in one person our small group; this one person or small group for the most part ends of violating the natural rights of mankind, part of the human predicament cycle. |
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| Plan presented during the Constitutional Convention in which each state would have proportional representation in the congress |
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| Western US reactions to eastern policies. The name comes from a tax placed on whiskey, Hamilton's way to fund national debt. |
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| Plymouth governor. Started the "Thanksgiving" tradition. |
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| Assigned to ride from Boston to Lexington to warn Adams and Hancock. Rode with Revere and Prescott. |
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| William of Orange. Married Mary II. They jointly ruled England. |
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| Scholar, translator, and leading figure in protestant reformation. Gifted linguist, spoke 8 languages. Translated many parts of the bible into english. |
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| An order issued by the U.S. Supreme Court that directs a lower court to transmit records for a case that it will hear on appeal. |
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| Last battle. People involved: green, grasse, knox, lafayette, hamilton, the patriots systematically destroyed house after house to take away the British regular’s shelter. Ended with the surrender of Cornwallis to Washington. The French army blocked off the peninsula, while the French Navy fired on the British from the sea. One of the only battles where the French actively participated |
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| Also called circuit courts. there are 12 plus 1, has no Boundaries. Utah is in the 10th circuit court. |
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| equality of opportunities |
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| goal, central to some political ideologies, of reducing or eliminating incidental inequalities in material condition between individuals or households in a society. |
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| A large jury, normally of 23 citizens, that determines if there is enough evidence to charge a defendant with a crime. |
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| the cycle from tyranny to anarchy, to which sovereign power and its ill effects give rise. |
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| Formal criminal charge issued by a grand jury when a prosecutor has enough evidence for trial. |
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| The candidate who receives more than 50% of the total vote wins. |
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| Source of many of the implied powers of the Government. Also know as the Elastic Clause, because it gives congress the flexibility to carry out enumerated powers. |
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| the idea that God chose long before our time who would be saved and who would not. The saved ones are those seen as having economic prowess and means. Belief of Calvin and his followers. |
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| Issued after crime committed but before any formal charges filed. Unreviewable by congress or courts. |
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| tax imposed in such a manner that the tax rate decreases as the amount subject to taxation increases. |
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