Term
|
Definition
Superior - Diaphragm
Inferior - Plane of pelvic inlet (pelvic brim which extends from superior border of pubic symphysis to sacral promontory)
Anterior - Ant. abdominal wall
Lateral - Lat. abdominal walls
Posterior - Post. abdominal wall |
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Term
| surface landmarks of abdomen: |
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Definition
Xyphoid process
Costal margin
Iliac crests
ASIS
Inguinal ligament - from ASIS to pubic tubercles
Pubic crests
Pubic tubercles
Pubic Symphysis
Axillary folds/lines
Umbilicus
Rectus abdominis m.
Ext. oblique m.
Linea alba
Linea semilunaris
Tendinous intersections
Costal cartilages |
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Term
| The inguinal ligament is an infolding of the ___ ____ muscle and extends from the ____ to the ___ ____. |
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Definition
- external oblique muscle
- pubic tubercles |
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Term
| List the horizontal planes of the abdomen: |
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Definition
- Transpyloric plane
- Subcostal plane
- Transumbilical plane
- Intertubercular plane |
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Term
|
Definition
| - tips of 9th costal cartilage to body of L1 |
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Term
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Definition
| - tips of 10th costal cartilage to body of L3 |
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Term
|
Definition
| - level of umbilicus to IV discs of L3 and L4 |
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Term
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Definition
| - level of iliac tubercles to body of L5 |
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Term
| vertical planes of abdomen: |
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Definition
- midclavicular
- midsagittal |
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Term
|
Definition
| - midpoint of clavicle to midinguinal point |
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Term
|
Definition
| - runs through linea alba down the midline |
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Term
| contents or right upper quadrant: |
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Definition
- liver
- gallbladder
- stomach
- pancreas
- colon
- kidney
- adrenal gland
- omentum |
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Term
| contents of left upper quadrant? |
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Definition
- spleen
- left colic flexure (splenic flexure)
- stomach
- pancreas
- kidney
- adrenal gland |
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Term
| Right lower quadrant contents: |
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Definition
- appendix
- right ovary
- colon
- kidney |
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Term
| Left lower quadrant contents: |
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Definition
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Term
| the abdomen is divided into ___ quadrants and ___ regions. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Right hypochondriac
Left hypochondriac
Epigastric
T7 dermatome
Right lateral (lumbar)
Left lateral (lumbar)
Umbilical
T10 dermatome
Right inguinal (iliac)
Left inguinal (iliac)
Hypogastric (pubic)
L1 dermatome |
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Term
| layers of the abdominal wall: |
|
Definition
Skin
Superficial Fascia -
Houses superfical blood vessels and cutaneous nn.
Subcutaneous layer:
Camper’s fascia - superficial fatty layer
Scarpa’s fascia - membranous layer underneath fatty layer
Deep Fascia -
Adheres to underlying muscles |
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|
Term
| The subcutaneous layer of the superficial fascia in the abdominal wall has what two layers? Describe them. |
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Definition
- Camper's fascia- superficial fatty layer
- Scarpa's fascia- membranous layer underneath fatty layer |
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Term
| Under the deep fascia of the abdominal wall, and on the medial part of the abdomen, what are the layers: |
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Definition
Medially:
- anterior rectus sheath
- rectus abdominus muscles and tendinous intersections
- pyramidalis muscle- 80% of people, tenses linea alba
- posterior rectus sheath |
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Term
| Under the deep fascia of the abdominal wall laterally, what are the layers? |
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Definition
Laterally:
- external oblique muscle (down and in)
- internal oblique muscle (down and out)
- transversus abdominis muscle (horizontally) |
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Term
| The rectus sheath is defined by the ___ ___, which occurs 1/3 the distance from the ___ to the ___ ___. |
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Definition
- arcuate line
- umbilicus
- pubic crest |
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Term
| Arcuate line is the point at which the ___ ___ ___ pierce the ___ ____ muscles. |
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Definition
- inferior epigastric vessels
- rectus abdominus muscles |
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Term
|
Definition
| - point at which inferior epigastric vessels pierce the rectus abdominis muscles |
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Term
| Superior to the arcuate line: |
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Definition
- anterior rectus sheath- external oblique and internal oblique muscles
- posterior rectus sheath- internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles |
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Term
| Inferior to the arucate line there is no ___ ___ ___. |
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Definition
| - posterior rectus sheath |
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Term
| Superior to arcuate line: The aponeurosis of the ___ ___ muscle splits to form the anterior and posterior rectus sheaths. |
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Definition
| - internal oblique muscle |
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Term
| superior to arcuate line: Aponeurosis of the ___ ___ muscle forms the anterior rectus sheath. |
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Definition
| - external oblique muscle |
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Term
| superior to arcuate line: which muscle aponeurosis contributes to the anterior and posterior rectus sheaths? |
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Definition
| - internal oblique muscle |
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Term
| superior to arcuate line: which muscle aponeurosis only contributes to the anterior rectus sheath? |
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Definition
| - external oblique muscle |
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Term
| superior to arcuate line: The aponeurosis of the ___ ___ muscle helps form the posterior rectus sheath. |
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Definition
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Term
| superior to arcuate line: Which muscle aponeurosis only contributes to the posterior rectus sheath? |
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Definition
| - transversus abdominis muscle |
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Term
| Below arcuate line the aponeurosis of the ___ ___ muscle contributes only to the anterior rectus sheath, unlike superior to arcuate line. |
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Definition
| - internal oblique muscle |
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Term
| Below the arcuate line, the internal oblique muslce does not split, but passes ___ to the rectus abdominus muscle and is fused with the aponeurosis of the ___ ___ ___ and the ___ ___ ___. |
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Definition
- anterior
- external oblique muscle
- transverus abdominis |
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Term
| Below the arcuate line, the ___ ___ sheath is absent and the rectus abdominis muscle rests on the ____ ____. |
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Definition
- posterior rectus sheath is absent
- transversalis fascia |
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Term
| The transversalis fascia lines most of the __ ___ and covers the ___ ___ muscle. |
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Definition
- abdominal wall
- transverse abdominal muscle |
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Term
| what fascia covers the transverse abdominal muscle? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Transversalis fascia
extraperiotoneal fat
parietal peritoneum |
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Definition
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Term
| Arterial supply of the abdominal wall: |
|
Definition
- branches of posterior intercostal arteries
- lumbar arteries from abdominal aorta
- superior epigastric arteries from internal thoracic artery
- inferior epigastric artery from external iliac arteries |
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Term
| lumbar arteries are from the ___ ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| superior epigastric artery is from the ___ ___ artery. |
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Definition
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Term
| inferior epigastric arteries are from the ____ ___ ___. |
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Definition
| - external iliac arteries |
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Term
| superficial drainage of abdominal wall above the umbilicus goes to the ___ nodes, below the umbilicus goes to ___ ___ nodes. |
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Definition
- superficial above umibilicu> axillary nodes
- superficial below umbilicus> superficial inguinal nodes |
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Term
| Deep drainage of abdominal lymph goes to what three nodes: |
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Definition
- lumbar nodes
- common iliac nodes
- external iliac nodes |
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Term
| the superior and inferior epigastric arteries ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| testicular arteries go through the ___ ___ ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| The median umbilical fold extends from the umbilicus to the ___. Failure of median umbilical fold to close is called ___ ___ which means the patient can do what? |
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Definition
- bladder
- patent urachus
- urinate out of belly button |
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Term
| the lateral umbilical fold is where the ___ ___ arteries are. |
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Definition
| - inferior epigastric arteries |
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Term
| Indirect hernias go through the ___ ___. Direct hernias go through ____ ____. |
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Definition
- inguinal ring
- Hesselbach's triangle |
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Term
| borders of Hesselbach's triangle: |
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Definition
- rectus abdominus muscle
- inferior epigastric vessels
- inguinal (Poupart's) ligament |
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Term
| Important parts of the anterior abdominal wall: |
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Definition
Superior epigastric artery
Inferior epigastric artery
Median umbilical fold
Medial umbilical folds
Lateral umbilical folds
Arcuate line
Ligamentum teres
Falciform ligament
Internal inguinal ring
Hesselbach’s triangle
Rectus abdominis m.
Inferior epigastric vessels
Inguinal (Poupart’s) ligament |
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Term
| The ___ ___ __ is the entrance into the inguinal canal and lies lateral to the ___ ___ ___. In males the __ __ and ___ ___ pass through here. In females the __ ___ passes through here. |
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Definition
- deep inguinal ring
- inferior epigastric veins
- ductus deferens and gonadal vessels
- round ligament |
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Term
| The ___ ___ ___ is the exit from the inguinal canal. It is an opening in the aponeurosis of the ___ ___ muscle. In males this is where the ___ ___ emerges. In females, this is where the ___ ___ emerges. The ____ nerve emerges from here but does not pass through the entire canal. |
|
Definition
- superficial inguinal ring
- external abd. oblique muscle
- spermatic cord
- round ligament
- ilioinguinal nerve |
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Term
| lymphatics of the scrotum drain into ___ nodes. Testicular cancer spreads to the ___. |
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Definition
- inguinal nodes
- abdomen |
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Term
| other contents of inguinal canal in males: |
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Definition
- cremaster muscle
- genital branch of genitofemoral nerve |
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|
Term
| cremaster muscle fibers originate from what muscle? |
|
Definition
| - internal oblique muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
- anterior: external oblique muscle reinforced laterally internal oblique muscle
- posterior: transversalis fascia, reinforced medially by conjoint tendon
- floor: inguinal ligament, lacunar ligament medially
- roof: internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles |
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|
Term
| The ocnjoint tendon is the joining of what two muscles? |
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Definition
| - internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles |
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Term
| The inguinal ligament and the lacunar ligament are infoldings of what muscle? |
|
Definition
| - external oblique muscle |
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Term
| The deep inguinal ring is the ___ ___ muscle and the ___ nerve is between this muscle and the internal oblique. |
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Definition
- transversus abdominus
- ilioinguinal nerve |
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Term
| The lateral edge of the ___ ligament acts as the ____ border of the ___ canal. |
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Definition
- lateral edge of lacunar ligament
- medial border of femoral canal |
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Term
| A hernia is the protrusion of the ___ ____ through a ____ barrier. |
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Definition
- peritoneal sac
- musculoaponeurotic barrier |
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|
Term
| who is likely to get epigastric hernias? |
|
Definition
- new borns
- people with beer guts |
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|
Term
| what type of hernia is most common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does a spigelian hernia occur? |
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Definition
| - lateral border or rectus abdominus |
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|
Term
| describe an epigastric hernia: |
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Definition
| - separation of rectus abdominus muscles |
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|
Term
| A direct inguinal hernia leaves the abdominal cavity ____ to ___ ____ vessels. This hernia ___ ___ transverse the whole inguinal canal. It emerges through the ___ part of the ___ ___, and almost never reaches the ____. |
|
Definition
- medial to inferior epigastric vessels
- does not
- distal part of the superficial ring
- almost never reaches the scrotum |
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|
Term
| An indirect inguinal hernia accounts for ___% of these hernias. It leaves the abdomen ___ to ___ ___ ___, enters the __ ___ __, exits through the __ ___ ___ and commonly enters the ___. |
|
Definition
- 75%
- lateral to inferior epigastric vessels
- deep inguinal ring
- superficial inguinal ring
- scrotum |
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|
Term
| An indirect inguinal hernia is ___ or acquired and is not due to a problem in the abdomen wall but rather due to a ___ ___. |
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Definition
- congenital/acquired
- patent vaginalis |
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Term
| The abdominal peritoneum is a continous ___ membrane. The parietal peritoneum lines the internal surface of the ____ wall. The visceral peritoneum invests the ___ of the ___ and ___. |
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Definition
- serous
- abdominopelvic wall
- viscera of the stomach and intestines |
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|
Term
| There are no ___ in the peritoneal cavity, just a small amount of fluid containing leukocytes and antibodies that keeps the surfaces moist and decreases risk of infection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| New borns with indirect inguinal hernias have a patent ___ ____, so there is communication between the ___ and the ___. |
|
Definition
- process vaginalis
- peritoneal
- scrotum |
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Term
| ___ hernias are very rare, only 5% of hernias, but 80% of this type of hernias become ___ which can lead to ischemia and death. |
|
Definition
- femoral hernias
- incarcerated |
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Term
| List the peritoneal derivatives: |
|
Definition
- mesentery
- omentum
- peritoneal ligaments/folds |
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|
Term
| general roles of peritoneal derivatives: |
|
Definition
- connect organs to each other, the abdominal wall, and the diaphragm
- convey blood vessels, lymph, and nerves to organs
- anchor organs in place |
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|
Term
| The mesentery is a ___ ___ of ____ that is a continuation of the ___ and ___ peritoneum around the organ. It is on the ___ ___, ___ ___, and ___ ____. |
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Definition
- double fold of peritoneum
- parietal and visceral peritoneum
- small intestine
- transverse mesocolon
- sigmoid mesocolon |
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|
Term
| The omentum is a double layer of peritoneum that is on the ___. There is a ___ omentum and ___ omentum. |
|
Definition
- stomach
- greater
- lesser |
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|
Term
| The lesser omentum contains what? |
|
Definition
- hepatoduodenal ligament (contains portal triad)
- hepatogastric ligament |
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|
Term
| The Hepatoduodenal ligament, which is part of the ___ omentum, contains the portal triad, which is made up of what three things? |
|
Definition
- lesser
- common bile duct
- hepatic artery proper
- hepatic portal vein |
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|
Term
| Intraperiotoneal organs are ___ ___ by ___. List these organs. |
|
Definition
- freely suspended by mesenteries
- stomach, liver, small intestine, transverse and sigmoid colon, uterus, ovaries |
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|
Term
| Primary retroperitoneal organs are those that develop and remain outside the ___ ___ but are covered anteriorly by ___ ___. List these organs. |
|
Definition
- peritoneal cavity
- parietal peritoneum
- kidneys, adrenal glands, aorta, inferior vena cava, urinary bladder, vagina, rectum |
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|
Term
| Secondary retroperitoneal organs: |
|
Definition
- organs that were once suspended in the abdominal cavity by mesentery but later migrated posterior to peritoneum during embryogenesis to become retroperitoneal
- pancreas, duodenum, ascending and descending colon |
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|
Term
| Intraperitoneal organs are almost completely covered in ___ ____. |
|
Definition
- visceral peritoneum
Stomach
1st part of duodenum
Jejunum/Ilium
Appendix
Cecum
Transverse colon
Sigmoid colon
Liver/Gallbladder
Spleen |
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|
Term
| retroperitoneal organs are only partially covered on one side by ___ ___. |
|
Definition
- parietal peritoneum
2nd, 3rd, and 4th parts of duodenum
Ascending colon
Descending colon
Rectum
Kidneys/Adrenals
Pancreas
Ureters
Major blood vessels (IVC, aorta) |
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