Term
| What is the endocrine system? |
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Definition
| it is an integrated system of small organs that involves the release of extracellular signaling molecules known as hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| extracellular signaling molecules |
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Term
| What are the the five main things that the endocrine system regulates? |
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Definition
| metabolism, growth, development and puberty, tissue function, and mood |
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Term
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Definition
| the field of medicine that deals with disorders of endocrine glands; a branch of the wider field of internal medicine |
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Term
| What are exocrine glands? |
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Definition
| glands that secrete their products into ducts |
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Term
| What are endocrine glands? |
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Definition
| ductless glands that secrete their products directly into the bloodstream or release hormones that affect cells nearby (paracrine signaling) |
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Term
| What are some examples of exocrine glands? |
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Definition
| salivary, mammary, stomach, liver, pancreas, and sweat |
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Term
| What are the seven major endocrine glands in vertebrates? |
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Definition
| pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, and testis/ovaries |
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Term
| What two organs control the rest of the endocrine glands? |
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Definition
| the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland |
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Term
| How many parathyroids are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| The pancreas is also a(n) _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the targets of hormones that are secretd by endocrine glands? |
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Definition
| organs with appropriate receptors |
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Term
| What are the four chemical groups used to classify hormones? |
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Definition
| steroids, proteins and peptides, amines, and fatty acids |
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Term
| What does the word peptide mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four types of signaling? |
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Definition
| endocrine, juxtacrine, autocrine, and paracrine |
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Term
| What happens in autocrine signaling? |
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Definition
| the target cell is the same cell |
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Term
| What happens in paracrine signaling? |
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Definition
| the target cell is nearby |
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Term
| What happens in juxtacrine signaling? |
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Definition
Juxtacrine signals are transmitted along cell
membranes via protein or lipid components integral to the
membrane and are capable of affecting either the emitting
cell or cells immediately adjacent. |
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Term
| A single endocrine gland may produce _________ hormones. |
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Definition
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Term
| How many hormones does the anterior pituitary produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| A single hormone may be secreted by ________ endocrine glands. |
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Definition
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Term
| Does each hormone only have a single type of target cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| A single hormone can induce more than one _______. Give an example. |
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Definition
| effect; insulin and glucagon in the liver |
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Term
| The _____________ of some hormones varies over the course of time. |
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Definition
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Term
| The same chemical messenger may be a _________ or _________. |
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Definition
| hormone, neurotransmitter |
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Term
| What are the three types of hormones? |
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Definition
| peptides, amines and steroids |
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Term
| What are the two types of amines? |
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Definition
| catecholamines and thyroid hormone |
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Term
| What is the structure of peptides like? |
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Definition
| chains of specific amino acids |
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Term
| What is the primary characteristic of amines? |
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Definition
| they are derived from the amino acid tyrosine |
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Term
| What is the structure of catecholamines like? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the structure of thyroid hormone like? |
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Definition
| iodinated tyrosine derivitive |
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Term
| What is the structure of steroids like? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are peptides hydrophobic or hydrophilic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are catecholamines hydrophobic or hydrophilic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is thyroid hormone hydrophobic or hydrophilic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are steroids hydrophobic or hydrophilic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Being hydrophobic is the same as being ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| How are peptides secreted? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are catecholamines secreted? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are steroids secreted? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the receptor site for peptides? |
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Definition
| on the surface of the target cell |
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Term
| Where is the receptor site for catecholamines? |
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Definition
| on the surface of the target cell |
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Term
| Where are the receptor sites for thyroid hormone? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the receptor sites for steroids? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the six main steroid hormones? |
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Definition
| testosterone, estrogen, aldosterone, progesterone, cortisol, and corticosterone |
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Term
| Steroid hormones are derived from _________ by a ____________. |
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Definition
| cholesterol; biochemical reaction series |
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Term
| What is cholesterol synthesized from? What are they formed by? |
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Definition
| low-density lipoproteins; lysosomal proteins |
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Term
| How is unused cholesterol stored? |
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Definition
| it is chemically modified and stored in a large amount as lipid droplets within steroidogenic cells |
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Term
| What are steroidogenic cells? |
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Definition
| steroid synthesizing cells |
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Term
| What are most hormones classified as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What six organs secrete peptides? |
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Definition
| pituitary, parathyroid, heart, stomach, liver and kidneys |
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Term
| What two organs secrete amines? |
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Definition
| the thyroid and adrenal medulla |
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Term
| What are the large precursor proteins of peptides called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are preprohormones produced? |
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Definition
| ribosomes in the rough ER |
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Term
| After being produced in the ER, where do preprohormones go? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to the preprohormone at the Golgi complex? |
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Definition
| it is turned into prohormone and then is finally turned into the final active form |
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Term
| After the preprohormone is turned into its final active form, what happens? |
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Definition
| the final product is concentrated and then packaged into secretory vesicles |
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Term
| What are some of the peptide and amine hormones? |
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Definition
| FSH, LH, TSH, growth hormone, insulin, glucagon, vasopressin, oxytocin, PTH, renin, prolactin, epinephrine, and norepinephrine |
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Term
| What are the two forms of catecholamines? |
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Definition
| epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Term
| Why are prostglandins called prostaglandins? |
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Definition
| because they were first found in the prostate |
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Term
| How many prostaglandins are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are prostaglandins synthesized from? Be specific. |
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Definition
| fatty acid; arachidonic acid |
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Term
| Why are prostaglandins considered a hormone? |
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Definition
| because of their role in managing reproduction |
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Term
| What kind of effect do prostaglandins have? Why? |
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Definition
| It has a major effect locally because it is short-lived in the bloodstream |
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Term
| What do prostanglandins cause? How are they inhibited? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do prostaglandins inhibit? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are water soluble hormones transported? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are fat soluble proteins transported? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are plasma proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can mimic the effects of native hormones? |
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Definition
| endocrine disrupting chemicals |
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Term
| What are some examples of endocrine disrupting chemicals? |
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Definition
| dioxins, PCBs, phenolics, and pesticides |
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Term
| How do hormones produce their effects and through what? |
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Definition
| they alter intracellular proteins through ion fluxes, second messengers, and transcription factors |
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Term
| Do hydrophobic and hyrdrophilic preteins produce their effects in the same way? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do lipophilic proteins stimulate synthesis of new hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hormone actions are greatly _______ at the target cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a common second messenger in a second messenger pathway? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is the concentration of hormones in the plasma regulated? |
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Definition
| changes in the rate of secretion |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| How does the concentration of plasma in the blood change throughout the day? |
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Definition
| it peaks in the morning at about six and then decreases throughout the day until midnight and then it starts to increase again |
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Term
| What is cortisol related to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of ghrelin? |
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Definition
| it causes the feeling of hunger |
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Term
| How does the plasma concentration of ghrelin change throughout the day? |
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Definition
| it peaks at breakfast, linch, dinner, and at midnight |
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Term
| How does the plasma concentration of growth hormone change throughout the day? |
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Definition
| it peaks throughout the night but stays low during the day |
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Term
| How can the growth of teens who stay up late be affected? |
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Definition
| they may have stunted growth because they will not have a growth hormone peak at night |
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Term
| What three things can influence effective plasma concentration of a hormone? |
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Definition
| the hormone's transport, secretion, and metabolism |
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Term
| What is the major site for metabolic hormonal activation? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are inactivated hormones released from the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are hydrophobic or hydrophilic hormones secreted faster? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are hydrophobic hormones secreted slower? |
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Definition
| because they are bound to plasma proteins |
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Term
| How can the responsiveness of target cell to its hormone be varied? |
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Definition
| this can be done by regulating the number of its hormone specific receptors |
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Term
| What is downregulation? What machanism controls it? |
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Definition
| a high level of hormone is controlled by downregulation of receptors by internalization followed by degradation, causing low receptor concentration by nagative feedback machanism |
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Term
| What are the three types of hormone to hormone interaction? |
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Definition
| permissiveness, synergism, and antagonism |
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Term
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Definition
| it is when one hormone is needed for another hormone's effect |
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Term
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Definition
| the action of several hormones' combined effect is greater than separate effects |
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Term
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Definition
| the presence of one hormone looses the other hormone's receptor. It essentially causes the receptor to hide. |
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Term
| What three things do endocrine excess cause? |
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Definition
| hormonal excess, deficiency, or decreased responsiveness to target cells |
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Term
| What are the two main types of endocrine disorders with regrads to secretion? |
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Definition
| hyposecretion and hypersecretion |
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Term
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Definition
| secretion of too little hormone |
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Term
|
Definition
| secretion of too much hormone |
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Term
| What is primary hyposecretion? |
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Definition
| its when an abnormal gland secretes too little |
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Term
| What is secondary hyposecretion? |
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Definition
| deficiency of tropic hormone |
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Term
| What is genetic hyposecretion? |
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Definition
| inborn absence of an enzyme to catalyze a hormone. In other words, there is no enzyme to change the preprohormone into an active hormone |
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Term
| What is dietary hyposecretion? |
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Definition
| a lack of a precursor or component in the diet that is part of the hormone |
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Term
| What is chemical or toxic hyposecretion? |
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Definition
| it is when chemicals or toxins destroy the gland |
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Term
| What is immunological hyposecretion? |
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Definition
| it is when an autoimmune antibody self destroys the gland |
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Term
| What can hypersecretion contribute to? |
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Definition
| tumors and immunological factors |
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Term
| What makes good cholestorl good and bad cholesterol bad? |
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Definition
| good cholesterol leaves the body while bad cholesterol gets deposited in the body |
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