Term
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Definition
| electrically excitable cells in the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| non-neuronal cells that prvide support and nutrition; they form myelin in the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| a group or cluster of nerve cell bodies |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the trunk between the neck and the abdomen (chest) |
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Term
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Definition
| the organs in the cavity of the body, especially in the abdominal cavity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the lumbar region? |
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Definition
| it is the region between the ribs and the hipbones |
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Term
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Definition
| the bone at the base of the spine |
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Term
| The central nervous system consists of the _______ and _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The peripheral nervous system is made up of the ________ division and the _________ division. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the afferent division of the peripheral nervous system do? |
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Definition
| it carries information from the sensors to the CNS |
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Term
| What does the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system do? |
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Definition
| it transmits instructions from the CNS to the effector organs |
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Term
| What are the other two nervous systems that are part of the peripheral nervous system? Are these systems afferent or efferent? |
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Definition
| somatic and autonomic nervous systems; efferent |
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Term
| Which nervous system of the peripheral nervous system is voluntary and which one is involuntary? |
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Definition
| the somatic is volunatary and the autonomic is involuntary |
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Term
| What consists the somatic nervous system? |
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Definition
| it consist of the fibers of the motor neurons that supply the skeletal muslces |
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Term
| What consists of the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
| smooth muscle and cardiac muscle |
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Term
| How many neurons make up a single pathway in the somatic nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many neurons make up a single pathway in the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ________ nervous system in analogous to the gas pedal in a car while the _________ nervous system is analogous to the brake pedal in a car. |
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Definition
| sympathetic, parasympathetic |
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Term
| What are the three types of effector organs? |
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Definition
| skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle |
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Term
| What are effector organs made up of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three classes of neurons? |
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Definition
| efferent, afferent, and interneurons |
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Term
| How does an afferent neuron function? |
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Definition
| it has a sensory receptor that generates action potentials in response to particular stimuli |
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Term
| How does an efferent neuron function? |
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Definition
| it has cell bodies that originate in the CNS which leave to the muscles and glands |
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Term
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Definition
| they are integrator neurons that make up the majority of neurons in the CNS |
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Term
| How are interneurons related to afferent and efferent neurons? |
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Definition
| interneurons lie between them and integrate them |
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Term
| What are interneurons responsible for? |
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Definition
| mind: learning, memory, creativity, intellect, and motivation |
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Term
| The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems innervate most _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What region of the CNS do sympathetic neurons originate from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What region of the CNS do parasympathetic neurons originate from? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many neurons does a single sympathetic or parasympathetic neural pathway have? |
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Definition
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Term
| The sympathetic neural pathway has a (shorter/longer) first neuron and a (short/longer) second neuron. |
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Definition
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Term
| The parasympathetic neural pathway has a (shorter/longer) first neuron and a (shorter/longer) second neuron. |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems do to the heart? |
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Definition
S: increased force and rate of contraction
P: decreased force and rate of contraction |
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Term
| What do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems do to the blood vessels? |
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Definition
S: constriction
P: dialation |
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Term
| What do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems do to the lungs? |
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Definition
S:dialation of bronchioles
P: constriction of bronchioles |
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Term
| What do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems do to the digestive system? |
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Definition
S: decresed motility, constriction of sphincters, and inhibition of digestive secretions
P: increased motility, relaxation of sphincters, and stimulation of digestive secretions |
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Term
| What do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems do to the urinary bladder? |
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Definition
S: relaxation
P: contraction |
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Term
| What do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems do to the eye? |
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Definition
S: dialation of the pupil
P: constriction of the pupil |
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Term
| What do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems do to the liver? |
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Definition
S: glycogenolysis
P: none |
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Term
| What do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems do to the adispose tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems do to the sweat glands? |
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Definition
S: stimulation of secretion of most sweat glands
P: stimulation of secretion of some sweat glands
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Term
| What do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems do to the brain? |
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Definition
S: increased alertness
P: none |
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Term
| The sympathetic nervous system dominates in times of ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The parasympathetic nervous system dominates in times of ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is dual innervation? |
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Definition
| the fact that each organ is innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| What is the purpose of dual innervation? |
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Definition
| it gives precise antagonistic control |
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Term
| Because of dual innervation, autonimic neural pathways consist of a ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sympathetic preganglionic nerves synapse in paired _______ adjacent to the __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What endocrine gland is functionally a part of the sympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Parasympathetic preganglionic nerves synapse on ______ on or near the innervated ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What neurotransmitter do sympathetic preganglionic nerves secrete? Postganglionic? |
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Definition
| acetylcholine, norepinephrine |
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Term
| What neurotransmitter do parasympathetic preganglion fibers secrete? Postganglion? |
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Definition
| acetylcholine, acetylcholine |
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Term
| Does the adrenal medulla have preganglionic and postganglionic fibers? |
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Definition
| it has no postganglionic fiber but it does have preganglionic fibers |
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Term
| What nervous system is the adrenal medulla part of? |
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Definition
| sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| How does the adrenal medulla work as far as secreting its products? |
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Definition
| it secretes hormone directly into the blood in respose to the preganglionic fiber |
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Term
| What hormones/neurotransmitters does the adrenal medulla secrete? |
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Definition
| norepinephrine and epinephrine |
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Term
| What are the two main types of receptors available for autonomic neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
| cholinergic (for acetylcholine) and adrenergic (for epinephrine and norepinephrine) |
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Term
| What are the two types of cholinergic recetors? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are nicotinic receptors found? |
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Definition
| on the postganglionic cell bodies in all autonomic ganglia |
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Term
| Where are muscarinic receptors found? |
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Definition
| on effector cell membranes (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands) |
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Term
| All adrnergic receptors are coupled to ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two major classes of adrenergic receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are five sites where acetylcholine is released? |
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Definition
- all preganglionic terminals of the autonomic nervous system
- all parasympathetic postganglion terminals
- sympathetic postganglionic terminals at some sweat glands and some blood vessels in skeletal muscle
- CNS
- terminals of efferent neurons supplying skeletal muscle (motor neurons)
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Term
| What are three sites of release for norepinephrine? |
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Definition
- most sympathetic postganglionic terminals
- adrenal medulla
- CNS
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Term
| What are the two types of nerves? |
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Definition
| cranial and spinal nerves |
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Term
| What are cranial nerves? What nervous system are they part of? |
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Definition
| peripheral nerves from the skull and part of the autonomic nervous system |
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Term
| How many cranial nerves are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the cranial nerves affect? |
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Definition
| targets in the head and throat |
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Term
What is so importanty about cranial nerve #10? What is it called?
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Definition
| it is called the vagus and it innervates the viscera including the heart |
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Term
| What is the conformation of spinal nerves like? |
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Definition
| the dorsal root is afferent (sensory) and the ventral root is efferent (motor) |
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Term
| What nervous system are spinal nerves part of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the other main type of cell in the nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the five main functions of glial cells? |
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Definition
- to surround the neurons and hold them in place
- to supply nutrients and oxygen to the neurons
- to insulate one neuron from another
- to destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons
- to modulate transmission
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four types of glial cells? |
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Definition
| astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells |
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Term
| What are some of the main functions of astrocytes? |
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Definition
- physically support neurons in proper spatial relationships
- serve as scaffold during fetal brain develoment
- induce formation of the blood brain barrier
- form neural scar tissue
- take up and degrade released neurotransmitters into raw materials for synthesisof more neurotransmitters by neurons
- take up excess K+ to maintain proper ECF ion concentration and normal neural excitability
- possess receptors for neurotransmitters, which may be important in a chemical signaling system
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Term
| What is the main function of oligodendrocytes? |
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Definition
| they form the myelin sheath in the CNS |
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Term
| What is the main function of microglia? |
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Definition
| play a defense role in the brain as phagocytic scavengers |
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Term
| What are the three main functions of ependymal cells? |
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Definition
- line internal cavities of brain and spinal cord
- contribute to formation of cerebrospinal fluid
- serve as neural stem cells with the potential to form new neurons and glial cells
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Term
| What is the blood brain barrier? |
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Definition
| it is a highly selective barrier that carefully regulates exchanges between the blood and the brain |
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Term
| What part of the brain is not subject to the blood brain barrier? Why? |
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Definition
| the hypothalamus because it needs to be able to sample the blood in order to maintain homeostasis |
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Term
| The brain depends on the delivery of _______ and ________ by the blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| Brains of virtually all vertebrates display a degree of __________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an ability to be changed or functionally remodeled in response to the demands placed on it |
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Term
| Where is the site of origin for the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
| the brain or lateral horn of the spinal cord |
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Term
| Where is the site of origin for the somatic nervous system? |
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Definition
| the ventral horn of the spinal cord for most; those supplying muscles in the head originate in the brain |
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Term
| In the autonomic nervous system, how many neurons are there from the origin in the CNS to the effector organ? |
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Definition
| two neuron chain (preganglionic and postganglionic) |
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Term
| In the somatic nervous system, how many neurons are there from the origin in the CNS to the effector organ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which organs does the autonomic nervous system innervate? |
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Definition
| cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, exocrine glands, and some endocrine glands |
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Term
| Which organs does the somatic nervous system innervate? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the autonomic nervous system, what is the type of innervation? |
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Definition
| most effector organs are dually innervated by the two antagonist branches of this system (sympathetic and parasympathetic) |
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Term
| In the somatic nervous sytem, what is the type of innervation? |
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Definition
| effector organs are only innervated by motor neurons |
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Term
| In the autonomic nervous system, what neurotransmitter is released at the effector organs? |
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Definition
| acetylcholine (parasympathetic terminals) and norepinephrine (sympathetic terminals) |
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Term
| In the somatic nervous system, what neurotransmitter is released at the effector organs? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the autonomic nervous system affect the effector organs? |
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Definition
| either stimulation or inhibition (antagonist actions of two branches) |
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Term
| How does the somatic nervous system affect the effector organs? |
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Definition
| stimulation only (inhibition possible only through IPSPs on cell body of motor neuron) |
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Term
| What are four higher centers of control in the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
| spinal cord, medulla, hypothalamus, and the prefrontal association cortex |
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Term
| What are fiver higher centers of control in the somatic nervous system? |
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Definition
| spinal cord, motor cortex, basal nuclei, cerebellum, and the brain stem |
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