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Definition
| main source of energy for enzymatic reactions |
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| the synthesis of larger compunds |
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| inorganic ions or organic molecules which aid in enzyme function |
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| rate @ which enzymatic reaction occurs |
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| molecule with which enzyme acts on |
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| molecule that attaches itself to an enzyme blocking enzyme function |
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Definition
| series of enzyme controlled reactions |
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| molecule that works w/ an enzyme that enabes the enzyme to work as a catalst |
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Term
gene-regulator proteins:
gene activator proteins |
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Definition
| chenical messengers w/in a cell that inform the genes as to whether prtotein producing genes should be turned on |
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| things that can affect enzyme functioning |
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Definition
temperature- can change the rate of the molecular motion and causes change of shape of enzyme and if shape is changed it cant function correctly
PH- if PH is right the enzyme wont have the proper shape |
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Definition
| where binding of the inhibitor to the active site on the enzyme prevents binding of the substrate and vice versa. |
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| how can competitive inhibition be a good thing |
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Definition
| it can be a good thing to control diesease and keep it from replicating |
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gene regulator proteins:
gene repressor proteins |
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Definition
| chenical messengers w/in a cell that inform the genes as to whether prtotein producing genes should be turned off |
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Definition
| molecules that are able to control the rate @ which chemical reactions occur |
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Definition
| a temporary molecule formed when an enzyme attaches itself to a substrate |
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| the place on the enzyme that causes the substrate to change |
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Definition
(feed themselves))
organisms that are able to make their food molecules from inorganic raw materials by using basic energy sources such as sunlight
use energy in molecules make ATP |
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Term
(autotrophs use this)
Photosynthetic |
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Definition
autotroph that use light
make food from light |
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Definition
use inorganic chemical reactrions
make food from chemicals |
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Term
heterotrophs
carnivore
herbivore
omnivores
detritivore |
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Definition
organisms that require a source of organic materials from the environment cant produce food on it own
meat eater
plant eater
eats both
eats detris (dead stuff) |
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Term
cellular respiration
(variations)
aerobic
anaerobic |
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Definition
| major biochemical pathway by which cells release the chemical bond energy from food and convert it to usable form (ATP) |
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Term
| aerobic cellular respiration |
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Definition
| the biochemical pathway that requires oxygen and converts food such as carbohydrates to carbon dioxide and water. During this conversion it releases the chemical bond energy (ATP) as molecules |
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Definition
| because oxygen has geined electrons it has been reduced in aerobic respiration of glucose, glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced. if something is oxidized something must be reduced |
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Definition
the chemical activities that remove electrons from glucose results
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Definition
oxygen is reduced to form water.
during the oxydation of glucose
the CH and OH bonds are broken
the electrons will be transferred to electron carriers FAD and NAD |
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Term
| Aerobic cellular repiration steps |
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Definition
1. glycolysis
2. krebs cycle
3. Electrontransport system |
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Term
Aerobic cellular repiration steps 1:
Glycolysis:
(anaerobic)
2 ATP's are made |
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Definition
(takes place out of the mitochondria in the cytoplasm)
the break down of glucose into pyruvic acid.
two ATP molecules are used to energize glucose.
As glucose is metabolized enough energy is released to make 4 ATP molecules
(lactic acid is formed)
Glucose (6-carbons) -> two pyruvate (3-carbons)
NAD+ picks up electrons (for ETS) along w/ H's
NAD+ H -> NADH
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Term
Aerobic cellular repiration steps 2:
Krebs cycle
(aerobic) |
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Definition
(takes place in the mitochondria)
2 ATP are made
(breakdown of pyruvic acid into Co2 and then the gathering of hs and electrons using NAD and FAD so we can bring to the ETS)
NAD+ +H -> NADH
FAD+ + 2H -> FADH2 |
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Term
Step 3 : Electron Transport system ETS
(takes place in the mitochodria)
(32 to 34 ATP is made) |
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Definition
the energy is removed from hydrogens and transferred to ATP
Energy from electrons is realeased from NADH and FADH2 through a series of redox reactions
NADH -> NAD+ + H
FADH2 -> FAD+ + 2H
the energy from the electron is used to phosphoralate ATP
AMP + P -> ADP + P -> ATP
The electrons and (H's) are ultimately accepted by oxgen (O2)
2H + O -> H2O -> H2O
makes 36 ATP or 38 is made
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Term
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Definition
the anaerobic respiration pathway in yeast cells. during this process, pyruvic acid from glycolysis is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide.
starts w/ glycolysis
glucose is metabolized to pyruvic acid
a net of 2 ATP is made |
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Term
| Ethanol & CO2 & 2ATP products |
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Definition
| when carbon dixoide is generated into 4ATPs after all this happens ethanol carbon dioxide is made from the yeast cell waste |
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Term
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Definition
in making bread carbon dioxide is the important end product; it becomes trapped in the bread dough and make it rise
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Term
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Definition
| process during which pyruvic acid (CH3CHOHCOOH) that results glycolysis is converted to lactic acid (CH3CHOHCOOH) by the transfer of electrons that have been removed fromt he original glucose |
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Term
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Definition
the accumalation of lactic acid represents. must be repaid in the future
using more oxygen than your muscles have |
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Term
| metabolic processes of other molecules |
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Definition
| steps organisms use to extract energy from fat and protein |
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Definition
| the break down of fats. there are several steps for the gycerol to be broken down into smaller units to be used as energy |
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Term
| why is fat a good longterm energy storage unit |
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Definition
| contains 9 cal per gram. more calorie dense so u can hold a greater amount of energy in a smaller space |
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Term
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Definition
digested into amino acids then the amino acids have the amino group removed
generates a keto acid
enters the krebs cycle at the appropiate place |
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Term
| the NH2 group is converted to amonia and must be eliminated |
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Definition
| some organs can excrete ammonia directly others convert ammonia into urea or uric acid |
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Term
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Definition
cells used to store carbohydrates 1st
about 2 days) then the cells begin to use stored fat
after that (few days to weeks) the proteins will then be used- you are likely to die after this happens |
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Term
| in what order do we metabolize our reserves |
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Definition
1st carbohydrates
2nd lipids
3rd proteins
are interconverted according to the cells needs |
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Definition
| a type of metabolic acidosis which is caused by high concentrations of ketone bodies formed by the breakdown of fatty acids and the deamination of amino acids |
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Definition
is the ultimate electron acceptor at the end of ETC
oxygen accepts the electrons combines w/ protons and becomes water |
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Definition
prokaryotes (bacteria) 38
eukaryotes 32 to 34 |
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steps takes place in the chlorophly
1st step has to do w/ catching energy |
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| an acid and a base makes salt and water |
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Definition
| to make glucose from new sources. (the new source of glucose is lipids and proteins) |
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