Term
| If one is challenged and is negatively affected, he/she is experiencing _____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Stress can contribute to disease |
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Definition
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Term
| Where might evidence of stress be perceived? |
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Definition
Cognition,
emotion,
behavior |
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Term
| A pioneer of the effects of stress on the human body was? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hans Selye injected ___________ extracts into _______ to observe the effects |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 of Hans Selye's findings in rats were highlighted. They were: |
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Definition
| Enlargement of Adrenal Cortex, Thymic atrophy, Bleeding Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers |
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Term
| Why would adrenal cortex enlarge after chronic stress |
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Definition
| Provide extra epinephrine |
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Term
| Significance of Thymic Atrophy and how it relates to stress |
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Definition
| Stress can cause Thymic Atrophy and affect immune system |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| This syndrome is caused by stressors and is not specific to any type of stressor |
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Definition
| General Adaptation Syndrome - originated by Hans Selye |
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Term
| The General Adaptation Syndrome has 3 stages. They are . . .: |
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Definition
| Alarm Stage, Stage of Resistance or Adaptation, and Stage of Exhaustion |
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Term
| The arousal of the body's defenses would be what GAS stage? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the alarm stage of GAS, what would happen? |
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Definition
| The body's defenses would be aroused |
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Term
| Fight or flight occurs in which GAS stage? |
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Definition
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Term
| Resistance or adaptation in the GAS results in _____________ |
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Definition
| Mobilization: fight or flight |
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Term
| The third and final stage of General Adaptation Syndrome is ______________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The GAS effects of exhaustion result in _______________ |
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Definition
| Progressive breakdown of compensatory mechanisms. |
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Term
| Breakdown of compensatory mechanisms can be found in which GAS stage? This process is similar to _________? |
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Definition
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Term
| What body systems are mobilized during the alarm stage of GAS? |
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Definition
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Term
| When the body's defense system is mobilized during the Alarm Stage of the GAS, which endocrine system is highlighted? |
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Definition
| Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) Axis - Stimulation activates the Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Term
| When the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis stimulates the SNS, these are released: |
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Definition
| Catecholamines: norepi & epi |
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Term
| Norepinephrine and epinephrine are categorized as _______________ |
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Definition
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Term
| During the Resistance/Adaptation Stage of the RAS, there is an increased level of these hormones: |
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Definition
| Corticosteroids, thyroid hormone, & aldosterone |
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Term
| The adrenal cortex does what during Resistance/Adaptation to stress? |
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Definition
| It enlarges; becomes hyperactive |
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Term
| Blood sugar does what in response to stress during the resistance/adaptation stage? |
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Definition
| It increases - extra fuel. |
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Term
| This stage of the GAS can be the onset of disease. What stage and why? |
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Definition
| Stage of exhaustion. Body resources are becoming, or are depleted. |
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Term
| The GAS stage of exhaustion occurs when in an organism? |
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Definition
| When stress continues and/or adaptation was unsuccessful. |
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Term
| Reactive, Anticipatory, and Conditional responses to stress are all _____________ mediators |
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Definition
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Term
| Reactive responses occur in response to ______________________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Anticipatory responses occur when anticipating a disruption in _______________ |
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Definition
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Term
| If an impeding disruption in homeostasis is perceived, this response occurs. |
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Definition
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Term
| Copious malted barley and hops |
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Definition
| Makes really good beer: which we will all need as a solvent for the accumulated stress from finals week |
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Term
| When one associates a stimuli with danger, he/she is having a ________________ response. |
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Definition
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Term
| When one has conditional responses after suffering severe negative stimuli, they might have ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Pain, cold, trauma, hunger, electric shocks: these are all stressors called __________? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Non-noxious stressors would include pain, cold and/or your wedding |
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Definition
| F: pain and cold would be noxious. |
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Term
| Non-noxious stressor are often associated with? |
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Definition
| Life events and excitement. (Wedding, life changes) |
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Term
| T/F: Stress and disease are never related. |
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Definition
| F: Stress can often precipitate or exacerbate disease. |
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Term
| Which of the following is NOT exacerbated by stress?: Cardiac disease, Autoimmune disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Asthma |
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Definition
| ALS wasn't listed by Dr. W, but it too can actually be worsened by stress. In addition, she notes irritable bowel, asthma and HIV progression. If it stresses you, it stresses your immune system. |
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Term
| A general response that involves the central nervous & endocrine systems would a _____________? |
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Definition
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Term
| What organ stimulates the pituitary gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: The anterior hypothalamus releases more hormones that the posterior? |
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Definition
| F: The anterior pituitary releases more hormones |
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Term
| T/F: ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol |
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Definition
| T: Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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Term
| The hypothalamus releases _____________ that begins a stress response hormone chain reaction. |
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Definition
| Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) |
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Term
| Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) affects the _____________, causing it to release other hormones |
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Definition
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Term
| Under the affects of Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), the pituitary releases these hormones (6) |
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Definition
| ADH, Oxytocin, Prolactin, endorphins, GH, ACTH |
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Term
| Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) is also release in the periphery where there is ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Cingulate gyrus, Mammillary bodies, Thalamus, Hippocampus, Amygdala, & Hypothalamus: they make the ________ _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: The Limbic System directly controls blood pressure |
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Definition
| F: The LS controls: Energy & Water balance, Auto. Nervous Sys. functions, Temp., Endocrine Functions, Sexual behaviour, Emotional behaviour (aggression, fear,) Reward/reinforcement, Learning & Memory, and Major interconnections w/ other brain areas |
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Term
| These chemicals are released from chromaffin cells in the Adrenal Medulla |
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Definition
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|
Term
| This is the proportion of epinephrine:norepi. |
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Definition
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Term
| These chemicals are important in regulating blood pressure and cardiac output |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: In a stress situation, and in the presence of catecholemines, one's blood pressure should rise |
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Definition
| T: Norepi. constricts peripheral blood vessels' smooth muscle causing BP to rise |
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Term
| T/F: Norepi. is the principle catecholemine involved in metabolic regulation. |
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Definition
| F: Epinephrine, it also has a greater effect on cardiac action. |
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Term
| Hydrocortisone (synthetic) is similar to this hormone. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Cortisol is activated by this hormone that is released from the Ant. Pituitary |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The formation of glucose, stimulated by cortisol, is known as |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Cortisol breaks down fat in the abdomen |
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Definition
| F: In the abdomen, cortisol is lipogenic, but in the extremities it DOES break-down fat |
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Term
| The process by which cortisol breaks down fat is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Along with having anti-inflammatory properties, Cortisol also is an _________ __________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Cortisol Raises or Decreases blood glucose levels? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Cortisone shots are similar to Cortisol and are useful in that they have these affects: |
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Definition
| anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive |
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Term
| Cortisol affects these female hormones |
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Definition
Luteinizing hormone,
Estradiol,
Progesterone |
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Term
| Estrogen stimulates the HPA Axis. The HPA Axis is the __________ ____________ _____________ |
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Definition
| Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) Axis - Stimulation activates the Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Term
| What hormone is suppressed in the HPA Axis to affect female reproduction? |
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Definition
| Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) |
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|
Term
| These are referred to as endogenous opiates |
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Definition
| Endorphins and Enkephalins |
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Term
| Endorphins and Enkephalins are what? What do they do? |
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Definition
Proteins found in the brain.
Increase feelings of excitement, well-being and euphoria. Decrease pain sensation. |
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|
Term
| Runner's high is caused by what chemicals? |
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Definition
| Endorphins and Enkephalins |
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Term
| T/F: The posterior pituitary has the most variety of hormones. |
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Definition
| F: The anterior has the most variety of hormones. The posterior stores Oxytocin and ADH. |
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Term
| Growth Hormone is synthesized in what organ/gland? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Aside from the anterior pituitary, where is Growth Hormone also produced? |
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Definition
| Lymphocytes & mononuclear phagocytic cells |
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Term
| This hormone affects protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and it counteracts the effects of insulin |
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Definition
| Growth Hormone (Somatotropin) |
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|
Term
| Somatotropin is also known as _____________? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| This hormone, released by ant. pit. and also synthesized in leukocytes and mononuclear phagocytes, also is involved with tissue repair and enhances immune function: |
|
Definition
| Growth Hormone (Somatotropin) |
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Term
| T/F: Somatotrophin increases blood sugar |
|
Definition
| T: it counteracts the effects of insulin |
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|
Term
| Stressful stimuli _____________ Prolactin plasma levels |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Prolactin has a role in ____________ and _____________ |
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Definition
| Lactation and breast development |
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Term
| T/F: Prolactin is primarily synthesized in the adrenal medulla |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Oxytocin _______________ anxiety. |
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Definition
| Reduces. Caveat, it may reduce anxiety but the text just suggests experimental findings. |
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Term
| T/F: Men produce oxytocin. |
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Definition
| T: While important in childbirth and lactation, both sexes generate Oxytocin during orgasm - it is associated with bonding and social attachments. |
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|
Term
| Oxytocin works with this hormone in many tissues: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Leydig cells secrete this hormone: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| This hormone decreases with stress, and is responsible for piggish behavior |
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Definition
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|
Term
| T/F: Testosterone causes men to buy flowers |
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Definition
| T: Sure, we either were pigs and are apologizing, or, we're trying to be pigs. Go figure. |
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Term
| T/F: Stress responses and perception of the stress vary from person to person |
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Definition
| T: Individuals responded differently and to different degrees to stressors |
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|
Term
| Psychologic distress (prolonged) increase/decrease a persons ability to mount an immune response? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The process of managing stressful demands and challenges that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person is know as: |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| An example of ineffective coping might be: |
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Definition
Excessive drinking,
depression,
binge eating,
sleeping difficulties
etc . . . . |
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|
Term
| T/F: It is not important to one's overall health to cope, or manage stressful demand and challenges |
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Definition
| F: If this one stumped you, we need to talk . . . . |
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Term
| Increased Epi, Norepi, ADH, ACTH & Cortisol; Decreased testosterone, thyroxine. These are all seen in which life event? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| T/F: Testosterone levels decrease as a person ages. |
|
Definition
| T: along with thyroxine, and blood levels of epi, norepi, ADH, ACTH and cortisol |
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|
Term
| In general, aging has this affect on the immune system: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Seen in aging, this phenomena results in changes in blood viscosity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Free radicals damage __________ as a person ages |
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Definition
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