Term
| SCID that can be cured w/ transfection |
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Definition
ADA deficiency
(this is the only one that has been cured. So, whatever, just memorize it) |
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Term
| Aortic arch manifestation of DiGeorge syndrome |
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Definition
associated with interrupted aortic arch:
this is a more severe form of coarctation, where part of the arch is atretic or absent. Results in variable cyanosis, respiratory distress, absent femoral pulses & signs of CHF in the first few days of life.
NOTE: DiGeorge is also associated w/ tetrology of falot |
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Term
| absolute relative risk reduction calculation? number needed to treat? |
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Definition
ARR = difference between the RR of each group
NNT = 1/ARR |
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Term
| what do endothelial cells release to initiate medial SM migration & proliferation in atheroma formation? |
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Definition
PDGF
Endothelial injury --> PDGF release --> SM migration & prolif
Endothelium can also express adhesion molecules for monocyte/lymphocyte adhesion (not neutrophils). These cells further release growth factors. When endothelium is damaged enough to expose collagen --> platelets adhere & secrete PDGF |
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Term
| What physical sign is very specific for left-sided heart failure |
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Definition
orthopnea & PND
wheezing, chest tightness, etc are non-specific for LVF
Dependent edema & hepatic congestion is more specific for RHF |
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Term
| the pathogenesis of crohn's disease is associated w/ increased cytokine production. This is a result of increased activity of what signaling molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| what 2 structures is the 3rd part of the duodenum in close contact with? |
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Definition
uncinate process of pancreas
superior mesenteric artery (& vein)
These 2 structures are susceptible to tumor invasion
ASIDE: portal vein is not in proximity of duodenum |
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Term
other than lipodystrophy & hyperglycemia. What other major SE is assoicated w/ HIV protease inhibitors?
HINT: this is the reason you don't give rifampin to HIV pts |
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Definition
P450 inhibition
rifampin induces P450 & clears the drugs faster. rifabutin is given instead |
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Term
Name what type of fungal structure each antifungal affects (i.e. DNA, cell membrane, cell wall)
1) AmphoB
2) Flucytosine
3) Azoles
4) Terbinafin
5) Caspofungin |
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Definition
1) Cell membrane
2) DNA synthesis (5FU)
3) Cell membrane (lanosterol->ergosterol step)
4) Cell membrane (Squalene->lanosterol step)
5) Cell wall (inhibit Beta-1,3-D glucan synthase) |
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Term
| what causes green discoloration in bruises? |
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Definition
bivalirudin. this is produced by heme oxygenase converting Heme->bivalirudin
bivalirudin is further converted to billirubin by RES & eventually conjugated & excreted in bile |
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Term
| What is inside the Weibel-Palade bodies? |
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Definition
| vWF, P-selectin, & Factor VIII |
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Term
| Why is it bad to give Thiazolidinediones to someone w/ CHF? |
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Definition
They cause fluid retention
This is the main mechanism for side effect of weight gain in these patients |
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Term
| Reddish nodule that eventually ulcerates if found on the hand of a person. Lesion is a granuloma. Analysis reveles a dimorphic fungus that spreads along lymphatics. |
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Definition
Sporothrix schenckii
The fungus has "cigar-shaped" yeast form |
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Term
| Red neuron: reversible or irreversible? |
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Definition
irreversible
occurs w/in 24 hours: Eosinophilic cytoplasm, pyknosis, loss of nissel substance, and shrinkage of cell body |
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Term
| Person w/ lung tumor becomes ataxic. Autopsy reveles selective destruction of cerebellar purkinje cells. What happened? |
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Definition
| Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. This occurs b.c. tumor elaborates antigens that induce antibody formation against host proteins. The most common antibodies seen are: Anti-Yo (ovary & breast), anti-P/Q (lung), & anti-Hu (lung) |
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Term
Dyspnea, hypotension, & tachycardia after something is introduced into person (e.g. beta-lactam administration)?
What is the treatment? |
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Definition
| Anyphylactic shock: treat w/ epinephrine |
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Term
| Lymphoma w/ "waxing & waning" lymphadenopathy? |
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Definition
| Follicular lymphoma; t(14;18); bcl2 |
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Term
| Which TB drug is active only in acidic phagolysosome? |
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Definition
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Term
| What microcytic anemia are caused by defective mRNA processing? |
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Definition
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Term
| Aldose reductase converts glucose to ____. This is converted to ____ in a normal peroson by the enzyme ____. |
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Definition
Sorbitol (Aldose reductase needs an NADH)
converted to fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase (needs NAD+) |
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Term
| the 5 "T's" of congenital cyanotic heart defects? |
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Definition
1) Tetrology of Fallot
2) Tricuspid atresia
3) Transposition of the great vessels
4) Total anomolous pulmonary venous return
5) Truncus arteriosus |
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Term
| Cause of isolated systolic hypertension? |
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Definition
| increased stiffness of aorta |
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Term
| Lower esophageal biospy shows elongation of lamina propria papillae, basal zone hyperplasia, & inflammatory cells (eosinophila, lymphocytes, neutrophils). |
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Definition
GERD
these are characteristic findings |
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Term
| a drug metabolized via 1st-order kinetics will need how many 1/2-lives to reach normal concentration? |
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Definition
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