Term
| What term refers to the outer layer of the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the term, renal medulla, refer to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
A nephron is found only throughout the renal medulla. |
|
Definition
False:
Nephrons may be found in both the cortex and the medulla. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two components of a nephron? |
|
Definition
| The tubular and vascular components |
|
|
Term
| In respect to the nephron, where could one locate the afferent arteriole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In respect to the nephron, where could one locate the efferent arteriole? |
|
Definition
| After the glomerulus through the rest of the nephron |
|
|
Term
True or False:
The glomerulus filters large volumes of protein-containing plasma into the tubular component of the nephron. |
|
Definition
False:
everything is true except the glomerulus filters protein-free plasma |
|
|
Term
| Which vascular component of the nephron functions to nourish the renal tissue and participate in fluid exchange? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of total cardiac output is renal blood flow? What is the numerical value per minue? |
|
Definition
| 20 percent or 1,200 mL/min |
|
|
Term
| What is the numerical value for glomerular filtration rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much urine is created in our body per minute? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does filtration occur within the nephron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of plasma entering the glomerulus leaves through the efferent arteriole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of plasma entering the glomerulus enters the bowman's capsule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is tubular reabsorption within the nephron? |
|
Definition
| Selective movement of filtered substances from the tubular lumen into the peritubular capillaries |
|
|
Term
| Within the nephron, what is considered tubular secretion? |
|
Definition
| Selective movement of nonfiltered substances from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular lumen. |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Objects entering the tubule component of the nephron from the peritubular capillaries are not filtered prior to entering. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Per day, how much glomerular filtrate is produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the 180 liters of plasma filtered per day, how much is reabsorbed? How much urine is produced? |
|
Definition
| 178.5 liters are reabsorbed leaving 1.5 liters of urine to be excreted |
|
|
Term
| What process is known as the first step in making urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
As you travel across the glomerulus, blood pressure drops, just as in every other cappilary. |
|
Definition
False,
BP is constant across the glomerulus |
|
|
Term
| What two reasons account for why glomerular filtration has a greaters exchange rate compared to other capillaries? |
|
Definition
1) Higher permeability
2) Higher capillary hydrostatic pressure |
|
|
Term
True or False:
The afferent arterioles are larger in diameter than the efferent arterioles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Regulation does NOT occur with afferent and efferent arterioles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which way does each of the following forces wish to push fluid, with respect to glomerular filtration. What are typical values for each?
1) Glomerular capillary blood pressure
2) Plasma-colloid osmotic pressure
3) Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure |
|
Definition
1) Into the bowman's capsule 55 mm Hg
2) Out of the bowman's capsule 30 mm Hg
3) Out of the bowman's capsule 15 mm Hg |
|
|
Term
| How could one calculate net filtration pressure? |
|
Definition
| By taking glomerular capillary blood pressure and subtracting plasma-colloid osmotic pressure and bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure |
|
|
Term
| What is a typical value for net filtration pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What role does autoregulation play in controlling GFR? How does it work? |
|
Definition
| prevents spontaneuous changes in GFR and it works via intrinsic controls keeping GFR constant |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of sympathetic control of GFR? What is an example/ |
|
Definition
To override autoregulation
For example: during dehydration, sympathetic controls would override autoregulation and decrease GFR to conserve salts and water |
|
|
Term
True or False:
GFR is controlled by regulating the radius of the efferent arteriole. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the afferent arteriole of the nephron is dilated, what occurs? |
|
Definition
| Dilation of the afferent arteriole increase GFR because more blood can enter glomerulus |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the major process involved with tubular reabsorption? |
|
Definition
| Transepithelial transport |
|
|
Term
| Generally, what are the 5 barriers a cell must cross during transepithelial transport? (In order) |
|
Definition
1) Substance crosses luminal membrane of tubular cell
2) Substance passes through cytosol
3) Crosses basolateral membrane of the tubular cell and enter interstitial fluid
4) Diffuses through interstitial fluid
5) Penetrates capillary wall to enter plasma |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of sodium is reabsorbed within the proximal tubule? What is the purpose of the reabsorption? |
|
Definition
| 67% with a purpose in reabsorbing glucose, amino acids, H20, Cl-, and urea |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of sodium is reabsorbed within the ascending limb of the loop of Henle? What is the purpose of the reabsorption? |
|
Definition
| 25% with a purpose a varying the concentration of urine |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of sodium is reabsorbed within the descending limb of the loop of Henle? What is the purpose of the reabsorption? |
|
Definition
| Trick Question, the descending limb is NOT soluble to sodium |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of sodium is reabsorbed withing the distal can collecting tubules? What is the purpose of the reabsorption? |
|
Definition
| 8% with a purpose in regulating ECF volume |
|
|
Term
| What hormone plays an important role in salt reabsorption throughout the distal and collecting tubules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does sodium cross the luminal surface during reabsorption? How does it cross the basolateral surface? |
|
Definition
Diffusion through Na+ channels to cross luminal surface
Sodium Potassium pump to cross basolateral surface |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean that glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by Na+ dependent secondary active transporters? |
|
Definition
| Meaning that the reabsorption of glucose cannot happen unless the sodium potassium pump on the basolateral surface is functioning properly |
|
|
Term
| How does glucose and other amino acids travel across the basolateral membrane into the plasma during reabsorption? |
|
Definition
| By passively diffusing down their respective concentration gradients |
|
|
Term
| Specifically, how do the kidneys contribute to phosphate handling? |
|
Definition
| Because the renal threshold for phosphate is equal to the normal plasma concentration of phosphate |
|
|
Term
| What is the result of an increase in the level of phosphate in the plasma? |
|
Definition
| Urine phosphate levels will also increase. |
|
|
Term
| What hormone can adjust the renal threshold for phosphate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Renal reabsorption of Ca++ is subject to hormonal control. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
The kidney plays a major role in controlling blood glucose. |
|
Definition
False
The kidney does not play a role in controlling blood glucose. This would be the job of insulin. |
|
|
Term
| The normal blood phosphate level is 3.0. What is the renal threshold for phosphate? |
|
Definition
| 3.0 because blood phosphate and renal phosphate are the same. |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Water reabsorption is hormone controlled in the proximal tubule and the descending limb of the loop of henle. |
|
Definition
False
Water reabsorption is only hormone controlled in the distal and collecting tubules |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of water is reabsorbed in the PCT? What is significant about this reabsorption |
|
Definition
| 67 percent and the reabsorption of water is passive because it is only following the sodium that is being reabsorbed. |
|
|
Term
| What percent of water is reabsorbed in the descending limb of the loop of henle? What is significant about this reabsorption? |
|
Definition
| 15 percent. Reabsorbing water at this point plays an important role in the kidneys' ability to produce urine of varying concentrations |
|
|
Term
| What percent of water is reabsorbed in the ascending limb of the loop of henle? What is significant about this reabsorption? |
|
Definition
| Trick question because water is NOT reabsorbed in the loop of henle. |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of water is reabsorbed in the distal and collecting tubules? What is significant about this reabsorption? |
|
Definition
| 18 percent and this reabsorption is variable and subject to hormonal control. It also plays a role in regulating ECF osmolarity |
|
|
Term
| In the PCT, as water is reabsorbed, what happens to the concentration of urea? What is the ultimate result? |
|
Definition
| The urea concentration will increase in the PCT which will then form a concentration gradient to allow for the passive reabsorption of urea. |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of urea is reabsorbed in the PCT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Generally, how can the body produce urine of varying concentrations? (Very Brief, not looking for how the kidney specifically does this) |
|
Definition
| By the body's state of hydration |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal value of osmolarity within the human body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the range of osmolarity values seen within the renal medulla? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the osmolarity of filtrate as it enters the loop of henle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At the tip of the loop of henle, what is the state of osmolarity? (State and numerical value) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the state of osmolarity of filtrate as it enters the collecting duct? (State and numerical value) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are two sections of the ascending limb of the loop of henle. What moves out of each section and how does it do so? |
|
Definition
The thin ascending limb is permeable to salt and salt is passively transported out of the tubule
The thick ascending limb is also permeable to salt. However, active transport is what pushes salt out of the tubule. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Vasa Recta and where is it found? What is its function? |
|
Definition
| The Vasa Recta is a peritubular capillary associated with the loop of henle. It functions to pick up salts and water from both limbs. |
|
|
Term
| Where at within the nephron would Potassium and Hydrogen be secreted? What controls the potassium secretion? |
|
Definition
In the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts
Potassium secretion is controlled by aldosterone |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Water reabsorption is variable is the DCT under the control of ADH. |
|
Definition
False,
occurs in the collecting ducts |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Na+ reabsorption in the DCT is variable under the control of aldosterone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With the renin-angiotensin system, what occurs with a decrease in blood pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
The renin-angiotensin system plays an influential role in the variability of Na+ reabsorption. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once renin is secreted from the kidneys, what does it complex with and where does the other molecule come from? Once complexed, what does it produce? |
|
Definition
| Renin from the kidneys complexes with angiotensinogen from the liver. Both molecules react and from Angiotensin I. |
|
|
Term
| How does angiotensin I become angiotensin II? Where does the molecule responsible for this conversion come from? |
|
Definition
| Angiotensin I reacts with Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) (from the lungs) and forms Angiotensin II> |
|
|
Term
| What four functions does angiotensin II play? |
|
Definition
| Angiotensin II signals thirst, signals arteriolar vasoconstriction, stimulates ADH, and goes to the adrenal cortex which ultimately produces aldosterone. |
|
|
Term
| Where does angiotensin II travel to and what is the result? |
|
Definition
| Angiotensin II travels to the adrenal cortex which signals the adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone. |
|
|
Term
| Once aldosterone is produced, what occurs? |
|
Definition
| Increased sodium reabsorption which ultimately leads to water conservation |
|
|
Term
| Where does the secretion of organic ions take place within the nephron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does aldosterone promote Na reabsorption and K secretion? |
|
Definition
| Because the sodium potassium pump moves in opposite directions |
|
|
Term
| How does vasopressin promote water reabsorption? |
|
Definition
| By inserting aquaporins into the luminal membrane |
|
|
Term
| When ADH is present what is the relative state of urine? (In other words, relative amount and dilution) |
|
Definition
| Small amount of concentrated urine |
|
|
Term
| What hormone promotes urea recycling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the general effect or urea recycling and where does the urea come from? Where does the urea go? |
|
Definition
| Urea moves out of the collecting duct, into the interstitial space. This enhances the osmotic gradient effect. |
|
|
Term
| If the maximum amount of ADH is present, what happens to urine concentration? What is the osmolarity value? |
|
Definition
| The urine becomes extremely concentrated and the osmolarity is 1200 mOsm. (Assuming no ADH inhibition) |
|
|
Term
| What molecule can be used to estimate GFR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
In early renal disease, the elevation of creatinine is extremely noticible on a creatinine vs. GFR graph. |
|
Definition
False,
You won't notice much of a difference until kidneys are at 35 percent function or a GFR value of 40. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Emptying of urine stored in the bladder |
|
|
Term
| What process moves urine from the ureters to the urinary bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much urine can one hypothetically store in the bladder before stretch receptors initiate micturition reflex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Micturition can occur when only the internal urethral sphincter is open. |
|
Definition
False
Both internal and external urethral sphincters must be opened. |
|
|
Term
| How is it possible for us to hold urine when mictuition is stimulated? |
|
Definition
| Because the external urethral sphincter is made of skeletal muscle and thus we can actively contract it. |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Sympathetic neurons signal the smooth muscle of the bladder to contract. |
|
Definition
False
Parasympathetic neurons |
|
|
Term
| Generally, what role does a countercurrent system play in the loop of henle? |
|
Definition
| It is responsible for establishing and maintaining the vertical osmotic gradient |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Countercurrent multiplication is accomplished by the vasa recta of the juxtamedullary nephrons. |
|
Definition
False
Accomplished by the loops of henle |
|
|
Term
| Why doesn't H20 diffuse out of the ascending loop of henle? |
|
Definition
| Because the thin portion releases salts to account for the hypertonicity of the filtrate while the thick limb actively transports salt out of the filtrate. The active transport is the reason why water doesn't move with the salt |
|
|
Term
| Why is it important for the water entering the DCT to be hypotonic? |
|
Definition
| Because it allows the kidney down stream of the loop to extract more water if needed |
|
|
Term
True or False:
The blood osmolarity of the vasa recta is the same as the osmolarity of the interstitial fluid of the loop of henle at all locations. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the osmolarity of the vasa recta the same as the interstitial fluid of the loop of henle. |
|
Definition
| Because the vasa recta is permeable to both water and NaCl |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of measuring inulin clearance? |
|
Definition
| Because it is a good indicator of GFR |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Inulin is filtered by the glomerulus but neiter reabsorbed or secreted. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of PAH clearance measurements? |
|
Definition
| To estimate the amount of renal plasma flow |
|
|
Term
True or False:
PAH is completely filtered at the glomerulus. |
|
Definition
False
PAH is partially filtered at the glomerulus and whatever portion ends up in the peritubular capillaries is COMPLETELY filtered back into the tubular tract. |
|
|
Term
True or False:
PAH clearance is only important to portions of the kidney which produce urine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
All of the salt which leaves the ascending loop of henle gets reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries. |
|
Definition
False
Some of it says in the interstitial space to maintain the osmotic gradient |
|
|
Term
| Describe how salt is reabsorbed in the DCT? |
|
Definition
| The first 5 percent is uncontrolled and occurs in the early DCT while the last 3 percent is dependent on aldosterone which occurs in the late DCT |
|
|
Term
| How does the glomerulus prevent small proteins like albumin from being filtered? |
|
Definition
The glomerulus contains a negatively charged basement membrane which repels proteins.
Also there are podocytes that form filtration slits which act as pores. Under normal circumstances proteins and RBC's cannot pass through these |
|
|
Term
| Approximately what percentage of body weight accounts for the total body fluid? What is the numerical volume in liters? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the total volume of fluid in liters which occupy's the intracellular fluid? What percent of body weight is this? |
|
Definition
| 28 liters or 40 percent body weight |
|
|
Term
| What volume of fluid in liters occupies the extracellular fluid? What percentage of body weight does this account for? |
|
Definition
| 14 liters or 20 percent body weight |
|
|
Term
True or False:
More fluid is contained within the plasma than the interstitial space. |
|
Definition
False
The interstitial space has 4 times more fluid |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Most of salts output occurs by obligatory loss, sweat, and feces. |
|
Definition
False,
Most output comes from the controlled excretion in urine |
|
|
Term
| What is the efferent pathway involved in the regulation of ECF volume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the regulated variable associated with the ECF volume regulation? |
|
Definition
| Total body sodium and ECF Volume |
|
|
Term
True or False:
In respect to regulating ECF volume, the cardiovascular system acts as a long term effector while the kidney acts as a short term effector. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sensors are involved in the regulation of ECF volume, and what do they sense? |
|
Definition
| The sensors are called vascular volume receptors and they sense the effective circulating volume |
|
|
Term
| What sensors are involved in regulating ECF osmolality and what do they sense? |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamic osmoreceptors which sense plasma osmolality |
|
|
Term
| What efferent pathway(s) is involved in regulating ECF osmolality? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of hypertonic ECF? What does this result in? |
|
Definition
| Insufficient water intake or excessive water loss which results in cells shrinking |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the symptoms that are associated with hypertonic ECF? |
|
Definition
Shrinking of neurons
Circulatory disturbances |
|
|
Term
| What can cause hypotonic ECF? What does this result in with respect to cells? |
|
Definition
Renal failure (water cant be excreted)
Rapid ingestion of large amounts of water
Results in cellular hypertonicity which eventually leads to cellular swelling |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal range of pH within our body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Arterial blood is at the higher end of the normal pH range? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a cell become more acidic, what is the effect on nervous excitability? |
|
Definition
| More acidic means decreased excitability |
|
|
Term
| If a cell become more basic, what is the effect on nervous excitability? |
|
Definition
| More basic means increased excitability |
|
|
Term
| During acidosis, what happens to the hydrogen levels and potassium levels, in respect of the kidneys. |
|
Definition
| In acidosis, kidney will secrete H+ and retain K+ |
|
|
Term
| What is the body's major source of hydrogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease results from the accumulation of K+? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first line of defense against acidic pH alterations? How do they work? |
|
Definition
| Acidic Buffers which work by binding up free H+ to control pH but doesn't remove it from the body. |
|
|
Term
True or False:
When acidic buffers bind free hydrogens, the hydrogens are removed from the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when a buffer reach capacity? |
|
Definition
| Excess H+ spills into the ECF and the respiratory and urinary systems try to fix the pH alterations |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary buffer against carbonic acid changes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the bicarbonate buffer (carbonic acid buffer)? |
|
Definition
| Primary ECF buffer against non-carbonic acid changes |
|
|
Term
| What buffer is the primary ICF buffer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which buffer is important in the urinary system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the respiratory system regulate pH? |
|
Definition
| By controlling the rate of CO2 removal |
|
|
Term
True or False:
The respiratory system has the ability to fully compensate for pH adjustments. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the respiratory system compensate for increased hydrogen levels? |
|
Definition
| Increases rate of breathing (faster and deeper) which leads to a decrease in CO2 because its being blown off more rapidly than its being formed. This leads to a lower carbonic acid level which leads to decreased H+ in the body |
|
|
Term
| How does the respiratory system compensate for decreased hydrogen levels? |
|
Definition
| Depresses respiratory system (slower and shallower) which leads to an increase in CO2 because CO2 is being produced more rapidly that its being blown off. Increased CO2 leads to increased carbonic acid which leads to increased H+ |
|
|
Term
| What acts as the second line of defense against pH alterations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What acts as the third line of defense against pH alterations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
The kidneys can act within minutes to compensate for changes in the body fluid pH. |
|
Definition
False
The kidneys require hours to days to compensate for changes in body-fluid pH |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the kidneys in accounting for pH changes? |
|
Definition
| The kidneys remove the excess H+ that the buffers could not buffer out. |
|
|
Term
| What three ways does the kidney control the pH of body fluids? (What does it adjust to control pH) |
|
Definition
1) H+ excretion
2) Ammonia excretion
3) Bicarbonate excretion (want to lower its excretion) |
|
|
Term
| If there is an increase in H+ levels how does the bicarbonate levels change in respect to the kidneys? |
|
Definition
| Increased H+ will conserve more HCO3- in order to attempt to buffer out H+ |
|
|
Term
True or False:
If the H+ concentration is lowered, the kidney can conserve H+ ions by reabsorbing them in order to prevent them from entering urine. |
|
Definition
False,
The kidney cannot reabsorb H+ |
|
|
Term
| How does the kidney compensate for decreased levels of H+? (2 ways) |
|
Definition
1) Conserve H+ by reducing its secretion
2) Excreting more HCO3- into the urine by reabsorbing less HCO3- |
|
|
Term
| If there are decreased levels of hydrogen ions, what does the kidney do to compensate with respect to HCO3-? |
|
Definition
| The kidney will excrete more HCO3- by reabsorbing less. |
|
|
Term
True or False
The kidney secretes ammonia during acidosis to buffer secreted H+. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the urine pH limit 4.5? |
|
Definition
| If it were lower, it would burn the urinary tract |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of ammonia secretion by the kidneys and when does this occur? |
|
Definition
| The kidney secretes ammonia during acidosis to buffer secreted H+ |
|
|
Term
True or False:
The kidney can excrete large amounts of phosphate and thus, the phosphate buffer is highly effective. |
|
Definition
False,
The phosphate buffer is overwhelmed quickly because the kidney cannot excrete large amounts of phosphate |
|
|
Term
| How does the kidney compensate for the relative weakness of the phosphate buffer? |
|
Definition
| By an increased secretion of ammonia which functions to buffer additional H+ molecules |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 general categories for acid/base deviations? |
|
Definition
Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal ratio of bicarbonate to CO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the bicarbonate to CO2 ration were 5:1, what state of acid/base imbalance would you be in, if any? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the bicarbonate to CO2 ratio were 50:1, what state of acid/base imbalance would you be in, if any? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
An abnormal change in the concentration of CO2 would reflect a respiratory imbalance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
An abnormal change in the concentration of bicarbonate would reflect a respiratory imbalance. |
|
Definition
False
It would reflect a metabolic imbalance |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Hypoventilation would generally cause respiratory alkalosis. |
|
Definition
False
It would cause respiratory acidosis |
|
|
Term
| If a man were to have a nerve disorder which reduced respiratory muscle activity, what would be the resulting acid/base imbalance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the body compensate from prolonged respiratory acidosis? |
|
Definition
| The kidneys will compensate by secreting H+ and conserving HCO3- |
|
|
Term
| With respect to the pulmonary system, how does the body compensate for metabolic acidosis? |
|
Definition
| Hyperventilation to blow off CO2 |
|
|
Term
| Approximately how well can the lungs compensate for metabolic acidosis? (Percentage) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of metabolic acidosis does diabete mellitus and excessive fat metabolism cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of uremic acidosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary cause of respiratory alkalosis? |
|
Definition
| Excessive CO2 loss from hyperventilation |
|
|
Term
| What type of acid/base imbalance would a high altitude cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Aspirin poisoning is a possible cause for respiratory alkalosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of nephrons and how do they differ? |
|
Definition
Cortical nephron - shorter loop of henle
Juxtamedullary nephron - longer loop of henle
Loop of henle extends into different locations of the kidney |
|
|
Term
| What is the formula for calculating clearance? |
|
Definition
| Clearance rate = (urine [ ] of substance * urine flow rate)/(plasma [ ] of substance) |
|
|
Term
| With chronic renal failure, how much of the kidney must be non-functional before you notice effects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of renal function loss is associated with end-stage renal failure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between onset of acute and chronic renal failure? |
|
Definition
| Acute has sudden onset while chronic is slow to progress |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Sweating is associated with insensible loss? |
|
Definition
False
Sweating is sensible |
|
|
Term
| How could one define an acid from a base? |
|
Definition
| In aqueous solutions acids produce H+ ions while bases produce OH- ions |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Normal blood pH is slightly acidic and falls within the range of 7.35 to 7.45 |
|
Definition
False
Normal blood pH is slightly basic but the range listed is correct |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Phosphate excretion is not effected by a change in the pH of body fluids. |
|
Definition
|
|
