Term
1. norepinephrine
2. epinephrine
3. dopamine |
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Definition
| 3 catecholamines derived from tyrosine |
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Definition
| NT derived from tryptophan |
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Definition
| NT derived from glutamate |
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Definition
| is derived from serine, and produces acetylcholine |
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Definition
| endorphins and enkephalins |
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Definition
| secreted at synapses in the spinal cord, inhibitory transmitter |
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Definition
| secreted by presynaptic terminals in many of the sensory pathways as well as areas of the cortex, causes excitation |
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Definition
| melatonin is derived from |
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Definition
| thyroid hormones are derived from |
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Definition
| histamine is derived from |
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Definition
| nitric oxide is derived from |
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Definition
| derived from trimethyllysyl residues of protein |
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Term
| dopamine and norepinephrine |
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Definition
| the catecholamines synthesized by neurons |
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Definition
| chatecholamine only synthesized in the adrenal medulla |
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Definition
| 1st intermediate in the synthesis of catecholamines |
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Term
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Definition
| has an aromatic ring with two hydroxy groups on it |
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Definition
| is produced from phenylalanine during phenylalanine catabolism, used to produce DOPA, excess is transaminated and degraded |
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Term
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Definition
| catalyzes phenylalanine to tyrosine, or tyrosine to DOPA, requires BH4 |
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Term
| biopterin synthesis or dihydrobiopterin reductase |
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Definition
| synthesis of DOPA is impaired by deficits in these 2 paths |
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Definition
| utilizes DOPA to form dopamine, utilizes pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor |
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Term
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Definition
| last step of dopamine synthesis is located in the |
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Definition
| loss of dopamine producing neurons, caused by oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and cell damage |
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Definition
| administered to deminish DOPA side affects in the treatment of parkinson's, inhibits DOPA decarboxylase but is unable to cross the blood brain barrier |
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Definition
| the reaction that forms norepinephrine from dopamine, utilizes molecular oxygen and requires both copper and ascorbic acid |
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Definition
| an intermediate in epinephrine synthesis |
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Definition
| has high levels of ascorbic acid, biochemical basis of proposed increased need for vitamin C during stress |
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Term
| phenylethanolamine N methyltransferase |
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Definition
| reaction of norepinephrine to epinephrine SAM is methyl doner |
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Term
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Definition
| has the full pathway to go from tyrosine to epinephrine |
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Term
| inactivation of catecholamines |
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Definition
| these series of reactions can occur in any order and final products are excreted in the urine |
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Term
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Definition
| type of reaction that is catalyzed by COMT and has SAM as the methyl donor, reaction in inactivation of catecholamines |
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Definition
| reaction of the inactivation of catecholamines, catalized by MAO, causes deamination, froms an aldehyde in which aldehyde oxidases turn it into an acid |
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Definition
| inactivated product of norepinephrine, is excreted |
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Definition
| inactive compound from dopamine, COMT, MAO, and then aldehyde oxidase |
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Definition
| catalyzes the first step of serotonin synthesis from tryptophan, utilizes O2 and BH4 |
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Definition
| catalizes serotonin formation in the second step from 5-hydroxytryptophan, same enzyme produces dopamine from DOPA, catalyzed by PLP |
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Definition
| in the CNS inhibits pain in spinal cord, induces calmness and sleep, suggestion that high carb meals increase insulin and stimulates uptake of amino acids into muscle that usually compete with tryptophan entry into the brain |
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Term
1. MAO - remove NH3
2. oxidation to carboxyl group |
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Definition
| the steps of inactivation of serotonin, unlike the catecholamines, the hydroxyl on the ring is not methylated |
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Definition
| used to treat depression, block destruction of NE, dopamine, and serotonin in CNS, side effects of high blood pressure and increased HR, interfere with drug detox and detox of ingested amines (displace NE from storage vesicles |
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Definition
| produced in the pineal gland, signals seasonal and circadian rhythms, blood levels increase at night |
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Term
| acetylation fro acetyl CoA |
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Definition
| first step of melatonin synthesis from serotonin |
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Term
| methylation of the ring hydroxyl, uses SAM |
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Definition
| second step of melatonin synthesis from serotonin |
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Definition
| inhibitory NT secreted by the spinal cord, cerebellun, and cortex |
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Definition
| reaction to form GABA from glutamate, PLP is a cofactor |
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Definition
| glutamate uptake in the brain is low, so the primary souce is from.... in astroclial cells |
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Definition
| the cells in the brain that inactivate GABA back to glutamate and glutamine |
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Definition
| involved in the GABA shunt, regenerates glutamate from GABA using a-ketoglutarate |
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Term
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Definition
| in glial cells produces glutamate, which is converted to glutamine and transported out of the glial cells to neurons where it is converted back to glutamate, glutamine thus serves as a transporter of glutamate between cells in the CNS. Clial cells lack GAD and cannot synthesize GABA |
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Term
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Definition
| astroglial synthesis of glutamine also provides a mechanis for removal of excess amounts of this from the brain |
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Definition
| catalyzes the formation of histidine from histimine |
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Definition
| in brain synthesized by mast cells of thalamus, hypothalamus, dura mater, and histaminergic neural fibers. activates presynaptic and postsynaptic receptors |
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Definition
| in peripheral tissues causes dilation of blood vessels, bronchoconstriction, and increase in HCL secretion in the stomach |
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Term
1. methylation (histamine methyl transferase nees SAM)
2. MAO B (take off the NH4) |
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Definition
| pathway of histimine inactivation in the brain |
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Term
1. deamination by deamine oxidase
2. oxidation by NADH |
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Definition
| histamine inactivation in the peripheral tissues 2 steps |
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Definition
| the isozyme that breaks down serotonin, melatonin, norepinephrine, and epinephrine |
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Definition
| both forms of MAO break this NT down equally |
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Definition
| isozyme of MAO that is particularly important in the catabolism of monoamines ingested in food |
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Definition
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| tyrosinase (Cu dependent tyrosine hydroxylase) |
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Definition
| produces DOPA quinone from tyrosine, increases in melanocytes by UVB light, defect in this enzyme causes albinism |
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Definition
| polymerized to form melanins in the skin, eyes, and hair |
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Definition
| are synthesized by tyrosine peroxidase which generates iodide from iodine and adds it to the tyrosines of thryoglobulin |
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Term
| T3 and T4 thyroid hormones |
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Definition
| synthesized by the MIT and DIT or two DITs. they are then released by lysosomal hydrolysis |
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Term
| choline acetyltransferase |
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Definition
| catalyzes the acetylation of choline which is provided from the diet or derived from phosphatidylcholine to form acetylcholine |
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Definition
| inactivates acetylcholine, produces acetic acid and choline, is a serine esterase, is inhibited by the neurotoxin Sarin |
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Definition
| when NO is produced from arginine, this urea cycle intermediate is formed |
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Definition
| mixed function oxidase that utilizes NADPH and O2 to form NO from arginine, several isozymes |
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Definition
| reacts with the Fe-S centers of the ETC thus inhibiting ATP production by nearby parasites and tumor cells |
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