Term
| Describe atypical depression |
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Definition
1) mood reactivity
2) leaden fatigue (heavy arms/legs)
3) rejection sensitivity (overly sensitive to criticism)
4) hyperphagia, hypersomnelence (reversed vegetation)
treat with MAOIs: Phenelzine, Tranylcypromine, Isocarboxazid |
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Term
| Blood gasses in someone with obstructive sleep apnea? |
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Definition
normal
Blood gases are altered in Pickwickian (obesity hypoventilation) syndrome because there is underventilation of the lungs during all hours |
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Term
| what delineates an ulcer from an erosion? |
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Definition
| if the depth goes past the muscularis mucosa, it is defined as an ulcer |
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Term
Define & give an ex of each cause of congenital anomaly:
1) malformation
2) deformation
3) disruption
4) sequence
5) agenesis |
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Definition
1) messed up development of an organ (e.g. holoprosencephaly, heart defects, polydactyly, syndactyly)
2) Malformaitons due to extrinsic mechanical forces (e.g. clubbed feet, potter facies, congenital hip dislocation)
3) Breakdown of previous normal structure (e.g. rupture of amnion --> amnionic bands --> amputation)
4) Many abnormalities result from 1 defect (e.g. potters sequence)
5) failure to develop an organ |
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Term
| Segmented viruses? (BOAR) |
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Definition
Bunyavirus
Orthomyxovirus
Arenavirus
Reovirus |
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Term
describe excitation-contraction coupling for:
1) Skeletal muscle
2) Cardiac/Smooth muscle |
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Definition
1) T-tubule depolarization --> Mechanical opening of SR RYR1 --> release of intracellular Ca++ stores
2) L-type Ca++ influx into cells --> Ca++ bind RYR2 --> release of intracellular Ca++ stores |
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Term
| Is mannitol reabsorbed in the kidney? |
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Definition
| no, it's excretion is similar to Inulin/Creatine |
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Term
How long after total occlusion of coronary vessels for:
1) Cessation of contractility
2) Permanent damage |
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Definition
1) Within 60s
2) >30 min
if blood is returned before 30 minute window --> myocardium won't be permanently damaged, but it will lose some contractility |
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Term
Prophylaxis for:
1) Meningococcal
2) Gonorrhea |
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Definition
1) Rifampin
2) Ceftriaxone |
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Term
| Mechanism that estrogen prevents osteoporosis? |
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Definition
decreases bone resorption
(this occurs through a number of mechanisms: increase osteoprotegerin, decrease TNF-alpha & IL1; many more) |
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Term
| Things associated w/ getting oral thrush infeciton? |
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Definition
Wearing dentures
Diabetes
Immunosuppression |
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Term
| Bacteria commonly associated w/ Guianne Barre? |
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Definition
Campylobacter Jejuni (10-30%)
remember: G(-), non-spore forming, curved rod. Campy agar @ 42C. Oxidase positive.
Unlike Vibrio, it is susceptible to alkaline environments |
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Term
| DOC for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias (Sudden onset of palpitations) |
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Definition
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Term
| treatment for essential tremor |
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Definition
| beta blocker (propranolol) |
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Term
| 3 stages of ATN & manifestations of each? |
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Definition
1) Initiation (precipitated by hypovolemia, drugs, etc)
2) Maintenance: oliguric (hypervolemic), hyperkalemia, hyponatremic/calcemic, muddy-brown casts
3) Recovery: vigrous diuresis; potential hypokalemia (& hypo other ions, but K+ is most concerning --> arrhythmias) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Most important risk factor for developing aortic dissection? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the granulomas in takayasu & temporal (giant-cell) arterites? |
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Definition
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Term
G(+) rod w/ polar granules when stained w/ aniline dyes.
What is the toxin? |
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Definition
C.diphtheriae
ADP-ribosylates EF-2 |
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Term
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Definition
1) ACh-esterase inhibitor (donepizil, galantamine, rivastigmine)
2) NMDA-receptor antagonists (memantine)
3) Vitamine E |
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Term
Vasculitis with:
1) Transmural inflammation w/ fibrinoid necrosis
2) Segmental vasculitis extending into veins & nerves |
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Definition
1) Polyarteritis nodosa
2) Buerger's disease |
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Term
| Loss of alpha galactosidase A --> accumulation of ceramide trihexose |
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Definition
| Fabry's disease (X-linked) |
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Term
In parkinsons (w/ treatment), etiology of:
1) "on-off" phenomenon
2) Loss of drug efficacy |
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Definition
1) Unknown
2) Loss of dopaminergic neurons in Nigrostriatal pathway |
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Term
| Progressive dementia, frontal lobe atrophy, behavioral dysinhibition, & speech problems (e.g. dysarthria) |
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Definition
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