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| A member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell. |
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| Making changes in the DNA code of a living organism. |
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| Procedure used to separate and organize DNA fragments (using gel, electric voltage, -DNA fragment moves to + end of gel) |
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| DNA molecules produced by combining DNA from different sources. |
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| Genes located on chromosomes that determine sex. |
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| A cell that contains both sets of chromosomes (2n=8) |
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| A cell that contains a single set of chromosomes(n=4) |
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| The process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half to make gametes. |
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| Occurs in meiosis 1, exchange of alleles between homologous chromosomes when they form tetrads and produces new combinations of alleles. |
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| The chemical factors that determine traits. |
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| A diagram used to determine possible gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross. |
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| Units that make up DNA made up of a deoxyribose molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. |
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| Disposable copy of a segmnt of DNA. Contains Ribose, single stranded, & contains uracil instead of thymine. |
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| Process in which RNA polymerase binds to DNA& separates the strands. Then the strand is used as a template from which which nucleotides are assembled into RNA. |
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| A word consisting of 3 consective nucleotides that specify a single amino aid that is to be added to the polypeptide. |
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| Process that takes place in the ribosomes in which the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. |
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| Purines (Adenine & Guanine) and Pyrimidines (Cytosine & Thymine) |
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| Chages in the genetic material. |
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| An organism containing an extra set of chromosomes. |
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| A frameshift mutation that can alter a protein so much that it is unable to do its normal functions. |
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| Allowing only desired traits to go onto the next generation. |
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| A chart that shows the relationships within a family. |
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| The division of a cell nucleus. |
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| A period in which a cell goes through growth, DNA replication, and Preparation for mitosis (G1, S, G2 phases) |
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| Process in sexual reproduction in which male reproductive cells and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell. |
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| Nucleic Acid that contains the sugar dexyribose, contains genetic instrictions. |
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| Haploid reproductive cells. |
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When heterozygous individuals show a blended intermediate phenotype.
ex. Rr= pink flowers |
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| Two identical alleles for a trait (TT, ttHH) |
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| Two different alleles for a trait (Tt). |
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| Different forms of a gene, code for a trait. |
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| Physical characteristics. |
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| Used to test if a genotype is heterozygous or homologous when only the phenotype is given. |
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| Structure that assorts independently during meiosis. |
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