Term
| The RBOCs and motivation for the quid pro quo |
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Definition
| Lift LATA restrictions for opening local markets, Theory”--If local markets are open, no danger of unfair competition in long distance. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Telecommunications Carriers Obligations |
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Definition
| All Telecommunications Carriers must interconnect with other Telecommunications Carriers, |
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Term
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Definition
| Number portability--provider portability consistent with FCC rules, Dialing parity--same sequence for dialing local calls available to all, Access to rights-of-way--those under the control of the LEC, Reciprocal compensation--LECs will pay one another for the transport and termination of traffic. |
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Term
| Incumbent LECs Obligations |
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Definition
Negotiate in good faith, Provide interconnection on terms that are just, reasonable, and non-discriminatory, Provide unbundled access to network components, Provide each retail service on a wholesale basis, Provide notice of changes in the network that affect
interoperability, Provide for collocation of entrant equipment |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Colocation refers to the provision of space for a customer's telecommunications equipment on the service provider's premises |
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Term
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Definition
| Provide each retail service on a wholesale basis |
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Term
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Definition
| Reciprocal compensation--LECs will pay one another for the transport and termination of traffic. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dialing parity--same sequence for dialing local calls available to all |
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Term
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Definition
| Access to those under the control of the LEC. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Transport and termination |
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Definition
| Transport is the transmission, and any necessary tandem switching of telecommunications traffic, Termination is the switching of the non-access telecommunications traffic at the terminating telephone company's end office switch and delivery of such traffic to the called party's premises |
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Term
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Definition
| The duty to provide reasonable public notice of changes in the information necessary for the transmission and routing of services using that local exchange carrier's facilities or networks, as well as of any other changes that would affect the interoperability of those facilities and networks. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Number portability--provider portability consistent with FCC rules |
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Term
| Prices for wholesale services |
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Definition
| ReSale--no unreasonable or discriminatory restriction on the resale of services. |
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Term
| Publicly available agreements |
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Definition
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Term
| Availability of terms of agreements (Pick and Choose) |
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Definition
FCC said that entrants could “pick and choose”
contract terms, Those enterent wants |
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Term
| RBOC entry into interLATA markets—when did it happen, and what transpired next? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
ILECs could not unbundle technology that was
combined |
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Term
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Definition
| Created an arbitrage potential--------------- Top down- Used in resale, cost is passed down, Buttom up- used in UNE pricing cossed passed up |
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Term
| Total element long-run incremental cost (TRLRIC) |
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Definition
| excludes embedded costs, forward looking, use economic costs |
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Term
| Triennial Review Order and UNE-P |
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Definition
| -Initiated proceedings on the availability of unbundled switching -FCC maintained unbundled switching, and thus, UNE-P |
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Term
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Definition
| “U.S. network” (international bandwidth not needed to get content.), Bandwidth glut, Flat-rate local service, Modem exemption, Telephone companies on the sidelines |
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Term
| Network access points (why?) |
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Definition
| Established infrastructure, NSF hoped for competition for long distance data |
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Term
| Network access points, regulatory framework |
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Definition
| NAPS required to offer interconnection on nondiscriminatory basis, Transparent prices and technical conditions. |
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Term
| Tier 1 ISP; Tier 2 ISP; Content Delivery Network (explain what they are and how they are different.) |
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Definition
Tier 1-Backbone providers ,Maintain IP-address routing tables that include all IP addresses, so
that they are able to route traffic anywhere on the Internet Tier 2-Regional ISPs, Maintain smaller networks and IP-address routing tables that
contain their own customers. CDN-Enable content providers to cache their content at various points close to end users. |
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Term
| Routing table and default routes |
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Definition
| RT-List of ip addresss Default routes-Routes to ip not in same networks |
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Term
| Eyeball networks and How were eyeball networks in the dial-up era different from today’s? |
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Definition
| Today’s eyeball networks are broadband networks connected to the Internet that reach end user customers. Anyone who subscribes to cable or telephone-company broadband is part of those companies’ eyeball networks. The difference with the dial-up era is that in the dial-up world, customers of ISPs simply dialed a local telephone number and used the regulated common carrier telephone network to reach their ISP. The ISP (a company like America OnLine or EarthLink) had the eyeballs, not the telephone company. The telephone company provided nothing more than transmission between the user and the ISP. Today, the company controlling the broadband transmission facility also controls the eyeballs. That introduces the potential for a conflict of interest, and provides potential incentives for the broadband provider to discriminate |
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Term
| Explain Internet transit. What is it, who buys it? |
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Definition
| Transit is the business relationship whereby an ISP announces and sells reachability to the entire Internet to a customer. Sells to Tier 2 ISP, CDN |
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Term
| 95th percentile pricing; how does that work? |
|
Definition
| 95/5 means usage measured to the 95th percentile in 5 min |
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Term
|
Definition
| Delta- total bytes that flowed in 5 min |
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Term
| Minimum commitment pricing. |
|
Definition
| Volume commitment, If the customer fails to achieve the commitment, still pay MCP, If the exceeds, pay metered rate. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Contract that stats the term of the transit deal, rack rates, Minimum Commitment |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Internet peering? |
|
Definition
| reciprocal access to a willing participant, redundancy, improved service quality, save money on transit, unique routes from certain ISP |
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Term
| Tier 1 ISPs and mesh network |
|
Definition
| peer with all other Tier 1 ISPs for best service |
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Term
| What does peering deliver in terms of Internet prefixes? |
|
Definition
| Peering delivers access to all prefixes that are on the peer’s network, including the peer’s transit customers. It does not deliver access to all Internet prefixes, as would be the case with a transit service. |
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|
Term
| Peering and balanced traffic |
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Definition
| ISPs seek to have balanced traffic between peers |
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|
Term
| Peering is settlement free, but not free. Explain this paradoxical statement. |
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Definition
| A physical connection must be established for peering to take place. |
|
|
Term
| Role of Internet Exchange Point |
|
Definition
| Point at which a physical connectin is established between peering networks |
|
|
Term
| What is paid peering and why would it happen? |
|
Definition
| Peering with excaange of money to account for unbalanced traffic |
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Term
| What is partial transit and how is it different from paid peering? |
|
Definition
| Partial transit provides paid access to a subset of the Internet. Paid peering delivers the same scope as regular peering, but requires payment due to traffic imbalances, or differences in network size |
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Term
| What are the factors contributing to “harmony” with regard to Internet peering and transit? |
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Definition
| Balanced traffic flows, Similar cost structures, Competition—if a Tier 1 ISP unreasonably refuses to transit, other pathways exist., “Common Line” costs |
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Term
| What are the factors contributing to “disharmony” with regard to Internet peering and transit? |
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Definition
| Large vs. Small networks, Paid Peering” more prone to disputes?, Eyeball networks and traffic imbalances., Emerging market power? |
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Term
|
Definition
| The original approach to pricing long distance service. Costs from “toll board” to “toll board” were recovered in long distance prices, and long distance customers did not contribute to the recovery of local network costs, even though local networks were used to make and receive toll calls. This change with the Smith v. Illinois Bell ruling. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prior to long-distance competition, BOCs and independent telephone companies received shares of AT&T toll revenues from a common pool. While there were rules established for the distribution of these revenues, the basis was generally arbitrary |
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Term
| Access charges Intrastate; Interstate |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| location where a long-distance carrier (IXC) could terminate services and provide connections into a local telephone network (LATA) |
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Term
| Switched Access Elements Entrance facilities |
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Definition
| Bandwidth and distance. Non-Traffic-Sensitive(NTS) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Smaller IXCs--through the tandem switch. Traffic Sensitive (TS). |
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|
Term
| SAE Interoffice transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Local Loop Non-Traffic Sensitive |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mobile provider pays ILEC “reciprocal compensation.” |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mobile provider pays ILEC “access charges.” |
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Term
|
Definition
| A buyer seeking differences in prices to gain economic advantage. Such as an IXC choosing to terminate long distance calls through reciprocal compensation, using an affiliated CLEC, rather than paying for the more costly access charges. |
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Term
|
Definition
| traffic to terminating networks that lacks certain identifying information, causing the traffic to be billed at rates lower than if properly identified, or to not be billed at all |
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Term
| General outcome–economic distortion–explain why. |
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Definition
| PSTN has been a mess. Different prices are charges for services that are functionally similar. Prices may not reflect economic cost. The result has been “traffic pumping,” “phantom traffic,” and arbitrage. |
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Term
| Bill-and-keep as a solution. |
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Definition
| The FCC is trying to impose a uniform access/interconnection price regime for the PSTN “bill-and-keep,” i.e., no network provider pays any other network provider for interconnection and transport. This may seem like the easy way out. However, it ignores true cost differences associated with, for example, urban and rural networks. It also may encourage the free rider problem by allowing small networks to send traffic long distances at no charge, which would discourage investment. |
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Term
| Is the FCC overlooking anything? |
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Definition
| On the U.S. PSTN, costs of the end-user connection are not fully recovered through flat-rate fees imposed on end users |
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Term
|
Definition
| Total element long-run incremental cost. It is the methodology the FCC uses to determine rates for network elements that ILECs are required to lease. It requires the ILEC to base lease rates on current prices for new equipment, rather than on what the ILEC actually spent on the equipment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| UNEs are Unbundeled Network Elements. |
|
|
Term
| The 1996 Act formally "amends" ______ |
|
Definition
| Communications Act of 1934 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When two companies, an ILEC and CLEC share the bandwidth on a copper loop. Signals traveling along copper wires can occupy different frequencies so that the same wire can transmit both voice and broadband internet access by having the equipment tuned to only certain frequencies. Typically the ILEC provided all voice services, and the CLEC provided broadband Internet access under a line-sharing arrangement. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An arrangement that allowed CLEC to lease from a ILEC at low TELRIC-based rates essentially all facilities and network functionality needed to provide local telephone service. |
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|
Term
| What will it mean for the PSTN to "sunset?" |
|
Definition
| It means that the U.S. telephone system will phase out the use of TDM-based switches and the legacy SS7 signaling networks that currently direct traffic, and replace them with IP-based packet switching technologies. |
|
|
Term
| What is the main draw-back of calling-network-pays? |
|
Definition
| That regulators must continue recalibrating their rules in perpetuity to reflect the changing cost of call termination. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between calling-network-pays and bill-and-keep? |
|
Definition
| In the calling-network-pays model, the calling-party's carrier pays the entirety of the costs cause by a phone call. In the bill-and-keep model, the calling party and the terminating party each pay a portion of the costs; a demarcation point is established between the two networks, and each carrier pays for the costs being incurred on their own "side." |
|
|
Term
| What is internet fragmentation? |
|
Definition
| It is when one Tier 1 provider refuses to provide access to another network. This is problematic particularly in cases involving single-homed customers, where customers served by only one Tier 1 provider are blocked access to another Tier 1 provider's network because of a peering impasse. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main components of USF-ICC Reform Order? |
|
Definition
| Intercarrier compensation reforms and sweeping changes to the nations' universal service program. |
|
|
Term
| What does multihomed mean? |
|
Definition
| Redundant Internet transit arrangements with multiple ISPs to ensure delivery of content throughout the Internet in case something goes wrong with one provider's network. |
|
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Term
| True or False: With Bill and Keep, the calling party pays all inherent costs of the phone call? |
|
Definition
| False. The initiating and terminating parties both pay a portion of the call costs. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Traffic whose origin is unidentified and thus cannot be accurately billed. Associated with IXCs terminating long distance calls as local traffic to avoid access charges. |
|
|
Term
| Describe special access circuits and how they are used. |
|
Definition
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