Term
| Osteocytes communicate w/ eachother via? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arteries in compact bone are contained w/in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| difference between exposure & prevalence odds ratios |
|
Definition
- Exposure odds ratio:
(Odds of exposure in people w/ disease)/(Odds of exposure of people w/out disease)
- Prevalence odds ratio:
(Odds ratio in population A)/(Odds ratio in population B) |
|
|
Term
| PAS positive granules in hepatocytes |
|
Definition
| alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (risk of panacinar emphysema) |
|
|
Term
| Deficiencies seen in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome |
|
Definition
- Lysyl-hydroxylase deficiency (postranslational modification in ER, needs VitaminC)
- Pro-collagen peptidase deficiency (cleaves terminal disulfide-rich extensions to make collagen insoluble & promote crosslinking) |
|
|
Term
| Lung compliance in left heart failure |
|
Definition
decreased b.c. of pulmonary edema
(aside: dyspnea, bibasilar crackles, & appearance of S3 heart sound post MI are stigmata for LV failure) |
|
|
Term
| bilirubin uptake or excretion is ATP-dependent in liver? |
|
Definition
- excretion (ATP-binding cassette protein "MRP2", gene responsible for dubin-johnson syndrome -> presents as Black liver & asymptomatic conjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
- Uptake is a passive process carried out by organic anion transporting peptide (OATP) |
|
|
Term
| Absent in Crigler Najjar & Low in Gilbert syndrome |
|
Definition
| UDP-glucuronyl transferase (in hepatocytes, conjugates billirubin) --> also is low in most newborns (responsible for physiologic jaundice of newborn & gray-baby syndrome of chloramphenicol use) |
|
|
Term
| Defective in Rotor syndrome & Dubin-Johnson syndrome |
|
Definition
Bilirubin excretion into bile (ATP-dependent cassette protein: MRP2)
(Dubin-Johnson: see pigment granules in otherwise normal hepatocytes) |
|
|
Term
| If a patient is drunk, can he make decisions about his care? |
|
Definition
| NO! (person is incapacitated, thus unable to make rational decisions) --> decisions must be made by caretaker, or, if unaccompanied, consent to treatment is presumed |
|
|
Term
| where are immature T-cells? |
|
Definition
| Cortex of thymus (CD4 & CD8 positive) |
|
|
Term
| Urea cycle enzymes in mitochondria? (3) |
|
Definition
- Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS)
- Ornithine transcarbamoylase
- N-acetylglutamate synthase (produces N-acetylglutamate, the positive regulator for CPS) |
|
|
Term
| Which cells cause centriacinar emphysema? |
|
Definition
| neutrophils & alveolar Mø --> release elastase |
|
|
Term
| Which artery provides blood to femoral head/neck |
|
Definition
| medial femoral circumflex |
|
|
Term
| C.perfringens gastroenteritis pathogenesis |
|
Definition
Large number of spores ingested --> germinate in digestive tract --> elaborate toxin --> transiently watery diarrhea
** This is a LATE-ONSET diarrhea, in comparison to preformed toxin ones: S.aureus or B.cereus** |
|
|
Term
- Pulsus paradoxus definition
- When do you see it? |
|
Definition
- Decrease of systolic BP by >10 mmHg during inspiration
- Seen in diseases that impair expansion of pericardial space --> increased venous return pushes IV septum & decreases LV preload (normally, the right heart would just expand into pericardial sac)
(examples: acute cardiac tamponade, constrictive pericarditis, severe obstructive lung disease, & restrictive cardiomyopathy) |
|
|
Term
Kusmall's sign:
- What is it?
- When do you see it? |
|
Definition
- Jugular distention on inspiration
- See it with constrictive pericarditis & right heart failure
- DO NOT see it with cardiac tamponade (inspiration will un-collapse the RV & allow the heart to accomodate extra blood) |
|
|
Term
| T/F you see pulsus paradoxis in obstructive lung disease |
|
Definition
| True: pulsus paradoxis can be seen in obstructive lung diseases, pericarditis, tamponade, & restrictive cardiomyopathy |
|
|
Term
| insidious dyspnea & honeycomb lung |
|
Definition
| idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| Serum marker for mast cell degranulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| marker for serotonin breakdown --> screen for carcinoid tumors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- EHEC (O157:H7) --> undercooked beef; verotoxin
- Shigella --> fecal oral; shigatoxin
(ASIDE: "atypical HUS" can be caused by defects in things that normally prevent coagulation:
- defects in factor H
- CD46 deficiency
- factor 1 |
|
|
Term
| Drugs that prolong PT & PTT but not TT |
|
Definition
| Factor Xa inhibitors: Idraparinux, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intrusive thoughts that manifest in repetitive behaviors |
|
|
Term
| central hypogonadism & anosmia |
|
Definition
| Kallmann's syndrome: failure of GnRH secreting cells to migrate from olfactory placode |
|
|
Term
| Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis possible chronic complications |
|
Definition
| transient recurrent pulmonary infiltrates & proximal bronchiectasis |
|
|
Term
| Cancer & infection associated with pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is thiopental so short acting? |
|
Definition
Rapid plasma decay of thiopental (a barbiturate) is because of it's redistribution into skeletal muscle & brain
- this takes ~5-10 minutes & will precipitate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
noncompetetive, irreversible non-selective alpha-blocker
Phentolamine is a competetive (reversible) alpha blocker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
competative Alpha-1, Beta-1, & Beta-2 antagonist (similar to carvedilol)
use to treat severe HTN & sympathomimetic overdose (e.g. cocaine) |
|
|
Term
| what do penicillins bind to? (the other name for penicillin-binding-protein) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blocks surface ADP receptors --> prevents platelet activation |
|
|
Term
| Differentiate Edwards from Patau |
|
Definition
Edwards (trisomy 18):
- Clenched hands w/ overiding fingers
- Meckel's diverticulum & gut malrotation
- Micrognathia
Patau (trisomy 13):
- Cleft lip/palate
- Microcephaly
- Polydactyly
- Abdominal wall defects: omphalocele, umbilical hernia, pyloric stnosis
(all other sx (heart problems, rocker-bottom feet, etc) are non-specific) |
|
|
Term
Name the pathogen in each type of osteomyelitis:
- Seeding of ischemic/infarcted bone in sickle-cell pt
- Hematogenous seeding (most common causes)
- Pott's disease
- Contiguous spread from chronic foci of infection |
|
Definition
- Salmonella
- S.aureus & S.pyogenese
- TB
- Pseudomonas |
|
|
Term
| What part of the bone does osteomyelitis most commonly affect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteinuria seen in minimal change disease (& other nephrotic syndromes) --> mostly LMW proteins such as albumin/transferrin are excreted (vs Ig) |
|
|
Term
| this proteinuria is seen in proximal tubular dysfunction (e.g. tubulointerstitial nephritis) |
|
Definition
tubular proteinuria: LMW proteins that are normally filtered by the glomerulus & then totally reabsrobed in the proximal tubule
- b2-microglobulin
- Ig light chains
- Amino acids
- Retinol-binding protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Multiple myeloma
- causes "overload proteinuria"
- Bence-Jones protein is the same thing as AL amyloid (i.e. Ig light chains, usually kappa) |
|
|
Term
| nephrotic syndrome definition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| things you see schistocytes with? |
|
Definition
- microangiopathic hemolytic anemia: HUS, TTP, DIC
- mechanical damage (e.g. prosthetic valve) |
|
|
Term
| Renal cell carcinoma histology? |
|
Definition
| polygonal cells w/ abundant clear cytoplasm (most common subtype is "clear cell carcinoma") |
|
|
