Term
| we see objects only when they are focused on the _________ |
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Definition
| we see objects only when they are focused on the FOVEA |
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Term
The oculomotor system is designed to:
1: _____ ______ ____ ___ _____
2: _____ ______ ____ |
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Definition
The oculomotor system is designed to:
1: BRING TARGETS ONTO THE FOVEA
2: KEEP THEM THERE |
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Term
| 5 movements systems have been identified that put the fovea on a target and keep it there. |
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Definition
1: Vestibulo-ocular
2: Optokinetic
3: Saccade
4: Smooth Pursuit
5: Vergence |
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Term
| Movements that stabilize the eye when the head moves |
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Definition
1: vestibulo-ocular
2: optokinetic |
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Term
| movements that keep the fovea on a visual target |
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Definition
1: saccade
2: smooth pursuit
3: vergence |
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Term
| systems that allow for conjugate movements of the eyes for foveation |
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Definition
1: vestibulo-ocular
2: optokinetic
3: saccade
4: smooth pursuit |
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Term
| the oculomotor system that allows for disconjugate movements |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
gaze stabilization
vestibular input holds images stable on retina during head and body movement |
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Term
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Definition
| visual input holds images stable on retina during sustained or slow head rotation |
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Term
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Definition
| brings new objects of interest onto fovea |
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Term
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Definition
| holds image of a moving target on the fovea |
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Term
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Definition
| adjusts the eyes for viewing different distances in depth |
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Term
| The ________ system is used to quickly reposition the eyes to focus on an image that has suddenly been moved from the fovea |
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Definition
| The SACCADE system is used to quickly reposition the eyes to focus on an image that has suddenly been moved from the fovea |
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Term
| the rapid eye movement required to bring the image back into focus is a ________ |
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Definition
| the rapid eye movement required to bring the image back into focus is a SACCADE |
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Term
| The conjugate system of the saccade systems directed through a _______ ____ _____ located in the pontine reticular formation (_ _ _ _) |
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Definition
| The conjugate system of the saccade systems directed through a HORIZONTAL GAZE CENTER located in the pontine reticular formation (PPRF) |
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Term
| your eyes remain fixed and focused on that position by moving at the _____ _____ as your head, but in the _________ direction |
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Definition
| your eyes remain fixed and focused on that position by moving at the SAME SPEED as your head, but in the OPPOSITE direction |
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Term
| Rotatory nystagmus has __ components, the slow movement of ________, the rapid movement of _________ |
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Definition
| Rotatory nystagmus has 2 components, the slow movement of FIXATION, the rapid movement of RESETTING |
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Term
| The continuation of following and resetting of the focal point is now driven by the ______________ ______ |
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Definition
| The continuation of following and resetting of the focal point is now driven by the OPTOKINETIC SYSTEM |
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Term
The optokinetc system requires input from:
the __________ _________
the __________ _________ |
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Definition
The optokinetc system requires input from:
the VISUAL CORTEX
the SUPERIOR COLLICULUS |
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Term
| Once the rotation is stopped, the eyes will react in the __________ direction |
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Definition
| Once the rotation is stopped, the eyes will react in the OPPOSITE direction |
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Term
| Postrotatory nystagmus is _________ driven. The slow following eye movement will be in the ________ direction, and the saccade in the _________ direction of the prior rotation |
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Definition
| Postrotatory nystagmus is VESTIBULAR driven. The slow following eye movement will be in the SAME direction, and the saccade in the OPPOSITE direction of the prior rotation |
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Term
| Smooth persuit requires an image to be moving across the ______ of ______ and is not under ________ control once fixation on the image has been established |
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Definition
| Smooth persuit requires an image to be moving across the FIELD of VISION and is not under VOLITIONAL control once fixation on the image has been established |
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Term
| In smooth pursuit the UMN control comes from visual signals from _______ _______ _______, channeled through an area in the _____ ______ ______ coupled with _______ _________ |
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Definition
| In smooth pursuit the UMN control comes from visual signals from PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX, channeled through an area in the CAUDAL TEMPORAL GYRUS coupled with SUPERIOR COLLICULUS |
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Term
| The involuntary control of saccade and smooth pursuit eye movements are ______ or volunatily as ________ from ______ _____ _______ |
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Definition
| The involuntary control of saccade and smooth pursuit eye movements are VOR or volunatily as SACCADES from FRONTAL EYE FIELDS |
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Term
| All of the systems for conjugate eye movements are influenced by _________ through feedback information to the __________ _______ and then to the _______ and/or ______ _______ _______ |
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Definition
| All of the systems for conjugate eye movements are influenced by CERBELLUM through feedback information to the VESTIBULAR NEUCLEI and then to the _HORIZONTAL and/or VERTICAL GAZE CENTERS |
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Term
| The Vergence system is controlled through the _______ __________ at the ________ level |
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Definition
| The Vergence system is controlled through the RETICULAR FORMATION at the MIDBRAIN level |
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Term
| Disconjugate movements of the eyes are necessary for the ________ of an image as it moves ______ or ______ from you |
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Definition
| Disconjugate movements of the eyes are necessary for the FOVEATION of an image as it moves TOWARDS or AWAY from you |
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Term
| For convergence, an activation of both _______ ______ _______ must override the _____ _______ _______ tone to bring the eyes together |
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Definition
| For convergence, an activation of both MEDIAL RECTUS MUSCLES must override the LATERAL RECTUS MSUCLE tone to bring the eyes together |
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Term
| To overcome blurring of the image as it comes closer, this mechanism is coupled with _______ _________ and ________ for changing of focal distances |
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Definition
| To overcome blurring of the image as it comes closer, this mechanism is coupled with PUPILLARY CONSTRICTION and ACCOMMODATION for changing of focal distances |
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Term
| _______ ______ nucleus that is located rostrally in the midbrain tectum and recieves UMN fibers from the _________ cortex |
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Definition
| SUPERIOR COLLICULUS nucleus that is located rostrally in the midbrain tectum and recieves UMN fibers from the IPSILATERAL cortex |
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Term
| Tectobulbar conenctions of the neuclei fo the cranial nerves innervating the extraocular eye muscles are a part of: ___________ and __________________ and are analogous to _________ |
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Definition
| Tectobulbar conenctions of the neuclei fo the cranial nerves innervating the extraocular eye muscles are a part of: THE PATHWAY FOR VOLUNTARY and INVOLUNTARY EYE MOVEMENTS and are analogous to UMNs |
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Term
| The Superior Colliculus receives retinal projections from the ____ ______via the ________ |
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Definition
| The Superior Colliculus receives retinal projections from the OPTIC TRACT via the BCS |
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Term
| Descending efferent information from the superior colliculus is directed to the ______ _______ and _______ _______ ______ |
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Definition
| Descending efferent information from the superior colliculus is directed to the SPINAL CORD and CRANIAL NERVE NUCLEI |
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Term
| The Tectospinal tract cross in the midbrain and descends to ______ spinal cord levels. This tract is important in the reflex turning of the _____ and _______ in response to both _______ and ______cues |
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Definition
| The Tectospinal tract cross in the midbrain and descends to CERVICAL spinal cord levels. This tract is important in the reflex turning of the HEAD and NECK in response to both VISUAL and AUDITORY cues |
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Term
| The Pretectal area is located: |
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Definition
| The Pretectal area is Located: ROSTRAL TO THE SUPERIOR COLLICULUS |
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Term
| The Pretectal area receives projections from the _____ ____ _________ and efferents to _________________ and ______________ that are associated with CN _____ for reflex control of the pupil and lens |
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Definition
| The Pretectal area receives projections from the CORTEX RETINA SUPERIOR COLLICULUS and efferents to CRANIAL NERVE NEUCLEI and PREGANGLIONIC PARASYMPATHETIC NEURONS that are associated with CN III for reflex control of the pupil and lens |
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Term
| All of the cranial nerves involved with movement of the eye, voluntary or involuntary, are interconnected through axons traveling in the _______ |
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Definition
| All of the cranial nerves involved with movement of the eye, voluntary or involuntary, are interconnected through axons traveling in the MLF |
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Term
| Abducens nerve (CN__) are ____ innervating _____ _____ muscle. |
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Definition
| Abducens nerve (CNVI) are LMNs innervating LATERAL RECTUS muscle. |
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Term
| The abducens nerve (CN __) exits the _______ laterally adjacent to the pyramids at the ______________ junction. Functions in ________ of the eyeball. ______ or the ______ gaze center projects to the abducens nucleus |
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Definition
| The abducens nerve (CN VI) exits the BRAINSTEM laterally adjacent to the pyramids at the PONTOMEDULLARY junction. Functions in ABDUCTION of the eyeball. PPRF or the HORIZONTAL gaze center projects to the abducens nucleus |
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Term
| Horizontal Conjgate gaze are internuclear neurons from the _____ _____ project to the _________ oculomotor complex for _______ of ipsilateral LMNs innervating ______ rectus. Internuclear neurons from the PPRF project to the _________ oculmotor complex for activation of _________ medial rectus. These axons run in the _________ ____ |
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Definition
| Horizontal Conjgate gaze are internuclear neurons from the ABDUCENS NUCLEUS project to the IPSILATERAL oculomotor complex for INHIBITION of ipsilateral LMNs innervating MEDIAL rectus. Internuclear neurons from the PPRF project to the CONTRALATERAL oculmotor complex for activation of CONTRALATERAL medial rectus. These axons run in the CONTRALATERAL MLF |
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Term
| ___________ is a visible turn of one eye that may be constant and is also termed ______ |
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Definition
| STRABISMUS is a visible turn of one eye that may be constant and is also termed TROPIA |
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Term
| ______ refers to the point of vergence of the eyes |
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Definition
| PHORIA refers to the point of vergence of the eyes |
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Term
| ________ is where the eyes are postured in front of the point of focus and ________ is where the eyes are postured in back of the focus |
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Definition
| ESPHORIA is where the eyes are postured in front of the point of focus and EXPHORIA is where the eyes are postured in back of the focus |
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Term
| _________ is a lesion of the abducens nerve fibers resulting in unopposed adduction of the ipsilateral eye |
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Definition
| ESOTROPIA is a lesion of the abducens nerve fibers resulting in unopposed adduction of the ipsilateral eye |
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Term
| ________ ________ (CN__) is LMNs innervating the contralateral superior oblique muscle |
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Definition
| TROCHLEAR NERVE (CN IV) is LMNs innervating the contralateral superior oblique muscle |
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Term
| The trochlear nerve axons course dorsally around the __________ _____ and _______, then courses around the ______ to occupy a position lateral to the ________ nerve b/t the _______ ______ and ______ ______ ______ |
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Definition
| The trochlear nerve axons course dorsally around the PREAQUEDUCTAL GREY and DESSUCATE, then courses around the BRAINSTEM to occupy a position lateral to the OCULMOTOR nerve b/t the SUPERIOR COLLICULUS and POSTERIOR CEREBELLAR ARTERIES |
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Term
| ___________ ______ (CN __) fucntions in rotation and depression of the eyeball |
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Definition
| TROCHLEAR (CN IV) fucntions in rotation and depression of the eyeball |
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Term
| __________ ____ (CN ___) are LMNs for the extraocular eye muscles and levator palprebae superioris are __________ |
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Definition
| OCCULOMOTOR NERVE (CN III) are LMNs for the extraocular eye muscles and levator palprebae superioris are IPSILATERAL |
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Term
| The preganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies of the ________ ____ (CN ___) lie in an adjacent nucleus, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus |
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Definition
| The preganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies of the OCCULMOTOR NERVE (CN III) lie in an adjacent nucleus, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus |
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Term
| The occulomotor nerve (CN __) can be seen exiting between the ______________and _____________ medial to the _______ ______ (CN __). |
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Definition
| The occulomotor nerve (CN III) can be seen exiting between the SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR and POSTERIOR CEREBELLAR ARTERIES medial to the TROCHLEAR NERVE (CN IV). |
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Term
| Fibers from the _______ - ________ nucleus traverse the ___________ near the red nucleus and cross the ________ ______ to exit in the ________ _____ |
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Definition
| Fibers from the EDINGER-WESTPHAL nucleus traverse the TEGMENTUM near the red nucleus and cross the CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES to exit in the INTERPENDUNCULAR FOSSA |
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Term
| _________ is a lesion of the oculomotor nerve (CN III), aka ____________ _______, paralysis of all extraocular muscles except ____ and ___ and results in _________ ______ |
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Definition
| EXOTROPIA is a lesion of the oculomotor nerve (CN III), aka OCULMOTOR PALSY, paralysis of all extraocular muscles except LR and SO and results in UNOPPOSED ABDUCTION |
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Term
| Loss of the parasympathetic innervation of the ciliary gangila results in ________ of the ______ |
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Definition
| Loss of the parasympathetic innervation of the ciliary gangila results in DILATION of the PUPIL |
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Term
| Horner's syndrom is a lesion of sympathetic nervous system pathway, descending influenc from the __________ directed to __________ sympathetic neurons in the spinal cord, or any of the ______ pathways carrying sympathetic fibers |
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Definition
| Horner's syndrom is a lesion of sympathetic nervous system pathway, descending influence from the HYPOTHALAMUS directed to PREGANGLIONIC sympathetic neurons in the spinal cord, or any of the PERIPHERAL pathways carrying sympathetic fibers |
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Term
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Definition
ptosis is:DROOPING OF THE EYELID
due to: LOSS OF SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION TO SUPERIOR TARSAL MSUCLE OF THE EYLID AND ITS CONTROL BY LEVAOR PALPEBRAE SUPERIORIS |
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Term
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Definition
Miosis is: PUPIL CLOSED
due to: LOSS OF DILATOR CONTROL, PARASYMPATHETIC UNOPPOSED CONSTRICTOR TONE |
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Term
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Definition
Dry skin is: ABSENCE OF SWEATING
due to: LOSS OF SYMPATHETIC CONTROL OF SWEAT GLANDS |
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Term
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Definition
Flushed skin is: REDNESS
due to: LACK OF CONSTRICTION OF CAPILLARY FIELD |
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