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Definition
| "rotten rock," lies under soil and above bedrock |
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Term
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Definition
| spontaneous downslope movement of earth materials due to gravity or other processes |
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Definition
| non-bedrock rocks and soil |
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Term
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Definition
very slow downslope movement of soil
clues: bent tree trunks and rock layers |
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Term
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Definition
| the lowering of the Earth's surface by removal of materials |
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Term
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Definition
metamorphosed limestone
pretty soft |
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Term
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Definition
| aggressive hydrogen ion substitution for cations in minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| water in cracks freezes and expands repeatedly |
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Term
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Definition
outside of rock gets hot (forest fire) while inside stays cold
causes fractures |
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Term
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Definition
| natural terrestrial surface layer containing minerals, organic matter, and living organisms |
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Term
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Definition
O, A, B, C, unaltered rock
layers of soil |
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Term
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Definition
| horizon A leaks down into horizon B (zone of accumulation) |
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Term
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Definition
| area that contributes water to a particular river |
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Term
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Definition
| Q=VxA where V=average velocity and A=cross sectional area |
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Term
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Definition
| volume from stream flow/volume from precipitation |
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Term
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Definition
| sea level, lowest elevation stream can flow to |
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Term
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Definition
| discharge without rain; no contribution from runoff |
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Term
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Definition
| time between rainfall and rise in discharge |
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Term
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Definition
| discharge exceeds the bank full discharge |
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Term
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Definition
flood frequency
years of record +1/rank
percent probability per year: 1/recurrence interval x100 |
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Term
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Definition
| very close to drainage basin boundary (gradient usually steepest) |
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Term
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Definition
| steeper gradient spots (ex: waterfalls) |
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Term
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Definition
| bed load, suspended load, dissolved load |
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Term
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Definition
| stuff on river bottom that rolls along with current |
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Term
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Definition
| solid mineral particles; makes water cloudy |
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Term
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Definition
| from chemical weathering (like granite - Na Feldspar - clay mineral + Na+1 ion) |
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Term
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Definition
| inside of curve of stream |
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Term
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Definition
| outside of curve of stream, often steep |
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Term
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Definition
| area inundated when water flows over, usually flat |
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Term
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Definition
| dendritic, parallel, trellis, rectangular, radial, annular |
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Term
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Definition
| place where groundwater discharge onto surface |
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Term
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Definition
| basically dry area of rock under surface |
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Term
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Definition
| boundary between saturated and unsaturated zones |
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Term
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Definition
| filled with water, above unsaturated zone |
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Term
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Definition
| found under water table, in saturated zone, flows downhill |
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Term
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Definition
| percent of non-mineral space in a rock, sediment, or soil (void space) |
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Term
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Definition
| extent to which fluids can pass through a rock, sediment, or soil (connected void spaces) |
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Term
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Definition
| rate at which water is provided to water table |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs after heaving pumping when recharge rate is not fast enough |
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Term
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Definition
| permeable rocks/materials that hold water, such as sand and gravel, weakly cemented sandstone, porous limestone, and heavily fractured rocks |
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Term
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Definition
| materials impermeable to water, such as clay/mud, mudstone/shale, unfractured igneous and metamorphic rocks |
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Term
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Definition
| stuck between layers of aquicludes |
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Term
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Definition
| world's largest (174,000 square miles of area, 456 trillion gallons of water) |
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Term
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Definition
| due to overpumping of water |
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Term
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Definition
| formed from soluble limestones |
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Term
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Definition
| landscape dominated by features formed from limestone dissolution and underlain by cavern systems |
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Term
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Definition
| ex: poultry farms emit fat and steroids into groundwater |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sit in front of mainland in submergent coasts |
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Term
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Definition
| zigzag particle motion from swash and backwash causes overall movement of sand/land |
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Term
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Definition
| along beach to prevent coastal erosion, manmade, often no beach at high tide; doesn't allow deposit of sediment |
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Term
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Definition
| perpendicular to beach, prevents longshore drift |
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Term
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Definition
| big rocks to prevent coastal erosion |
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Term
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Definition
| dredge or pump sand back onto shoreline; short term solution to coastal erosion |
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Term
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Definition
| 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% argon, .04% carbon dioxide, water vapor |
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Term
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Definition
| simple mixture of gases, odorless, tasteless, colorless, formless |
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Term
| surface temperature inversion |
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Definition
| during early morning, atmosphere is heated at the bottom, gets cooled |
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Term
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Definition
| layer of atmosphere in which we live, where most weather occurs, air temperature decreases with height |
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Term
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Definition
| in between troposphere and stratosphere, where temperature begin to rise again |
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Term
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Definition
| above tropopause, includes ozone layer, temperature increases with height |
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Term
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Definition
| form of energy that flows from one object to another |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of average kinetic energy of molecules in matter, changes caused by gain/loss of sensible heat energy |
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Term
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Definition
| opposite of latent heat, able to be perceived by a thermometer, transferrable |
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Term
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Definition
| difference between all incoming and outgoing radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| "weight" or mass over area |
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Term
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Definition
| pounds per square inch, atmosphere is 15 |
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Term
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Definition
| measuring atmospheric pressure by mercury barometer, 29.2 at sea level |
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Term
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Definition
| Pascals, metric units for atmospheric pressure, 101,320 at seal level, 10,000=1 Bar=1000 millibars (mb) |
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Term
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Definition
| exists because air is a fluid, flows when there is a pressure gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| lines of equal pressure on weather maps |
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Term
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Definition
| apparent deflection of moving materials in a rotating reference frame (things are deflected because of Earth's turning - to right in N, to left in S) |
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Term
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Definition
| low-pressure systems that have counter-clockwise inspirals (in N) |
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Term
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Definition
| clockwise outspirals, high pressure systems |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of water vapor in the air |
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Term
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Definition
| mass of water vapor/mass of air |
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Term
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Definition
ratio of content/capacity (as percent)
content=amount of water vapor in air; capacity=maximum amount of water vapor air could hold at given temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| shows amount of water that can be held at given temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| air filled to capacity with water, leads to condensation - clouds, fog, precipitation |
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Term
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Definition
| temperature at which given mass of air becomes saturated (like cold glasses) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| measure humidity, two thermometers, one dry and one wet |
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Term
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Definition
| body of air with specific temperature and humidity |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of air parcel to stay in same place, determined by difference in temperature of parcel and surrounding air |
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Term
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Definition
| change in temperature of a material caused entirely by a change in pressure (temperature change without heat exchange) |
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