Term
| What are the universal components of cells? |
|
Definition
| water, other inorganic chemicals (no carbon), and four types of organic molecules |
|
|
Term
| What are the main components of carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the main components of lipids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main components of amino acids and proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Many macromolecular structures need to be _________ in order to function and be regulated. Protecting those structures is the basis for many forms of ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is flexibility achieved in DNA, proteins, and the plasma membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prokaryotic cells have a ________ organization than eukaryotes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three main parts of eukaryotic cells? |
|
Definition
| plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
- How many nuclei do eukaryotic cells usually have?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the nucleus? |
|
Definition
| control center that contains DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cell's interior excluding the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| semiliquid part of the cytoplasm that is not organelles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane bound intracellular compartments |
|
|
Term
| How many endoplasmic reticulums does a cell have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum? |
|
Definition
| protein synthesis (contains ribosomes), produces lipids and enzymes |
|
|
Term
| How many golgi do cells have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many mitochondria do cells have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of mitochondria? |
|
Definition
| it's the cell's power plant, produces ATP |
|
|
Term
| How many lysosomes do cells have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of lysosomes? |
|
Definition
| contains hydrolytic enzymes and acts as an intracellular digestive system for unwanted debris |
|
|
Term
| Where are lysosomes formed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Golgi? |
|
Definition
| produces enzymes and hormones and packages them in secretory vesicles; produces lysosomes |
|
|
Term
| How many peroxisomes do cells have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of peroxisomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of proteasomes? |
|
Definition
| they break down unneeded protein |
|
|
Term
| How is the cell's genetic material in the nucleus organized? |
|
Definition
| it is organized as multiple linear DNA molecule complexes with a large variety of proteins to form chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the nucleus? |
|
Definition
| it's function is to maintain the integrity of the genes and to control the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression |
|
|
Term
| ______ contains codes in the form of _______ for making proteins through the processes of __________ and __________ |
|
Definition
| DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid), genes, transcription, translation |
|
|
Term
| What is the process of transforming DNA into mRNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the process of transforming mRNA into protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does transcription take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does translation take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What carries out alternative splicing? |
|
Definition
| a special RNA-complex protein called a splicesome |
|
|
Term
| What is alternative splicing? |
|
Definition
| It is when a splicesome removes introns and combines extrons after transcription. This turns pre-mRNA into mature mRNA. |
|
|
Term
| If all cells in a single organism contain all of the same genes, how do different cells carry out different tasks? |
|
Definition
- different combinations of exons are used to make more than one mRNA code so they lead to more than one type of protein
- individual genes are regulated with transcription factors and promoters
- some non-coding introns become microRNAs which regulate gene expression by controlling mRNA splicing or by binding to mRNAs to inhibit their translation (RNA interference)
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|
|
Term
| Different ______ are expressed in different _______ and _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ protect chromosome ends and their loss is probably associated with __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is a process in which a loboratory animal is raised from a fertilized egg that has a specific gene disrupted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is the opposite of gene knock-out in which genes are inserted into specific locations |
|
|
Term
| What is DNA microarray? What are they used for? |
|
Definition
| It is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface. They are used to measure the expression levels of large numbers of genes simultaneously. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is a process in which a mutated gene is corrected by inserting a normal gene. This can be done in a fertilized egg or in an adult tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is a form of gene therapy in which a gene from one species is inserted into a fertilized egg or adult tissue of another species. |
|
|
Term
| What is nuclear transplantation? |
|
Definition
| It is a form of cloning in which the nucleus of a fertilized egg is removed or destroyed and a carefully selected nucleus from an adult cell is injected in its place. The internal clock of the adult genetic material is restored to its pluripotent state |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of ribosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The rough ER synthesize _______ for secretion and membrane construction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the proteins produced by the rough ER (ribosomes) transported to? |
|
Definition
| they are transported to the exterior of the cell by secretory products and they are also transported to other locations within the cell |
|
|
Term
| The smooth ER transports new _______ in _________. |
|
Definition
| proteins, transport vesicles |
|
|
Term
| What are three additional functions of the smooth ER? |
|
Definition
- abundant in cells specialized in lipid metabolism
- liver cell smooth ER detoxification capacity
- muscle cell have a sarcoplasmic reticulum which stored Ca+
|
|
|
Term
| What are the steps involved in the secretion of a protein out of a cell? |
|
Definition
1. protein is synthesized in the rough ER
2. protein is packaged into a transport vesicle at the smooth ER
3. transport vesicle buds off and fuses with the Golgi complex
4. the Golgi packaged the protein and ships it off to the correct location in a secretory vesicle
5. secretion exocytosis |
|
|
Term
The Golgi complex is analogous to a __________.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Golgi complex porcesses _____________ into _________. |
|
Definition
| raw materials, finished products |
|
|
Term
| How are substances that arrive at the Golgi modified? |
|
Definition
| Carbohydrates are added (glucosylation) along with phosphates (phosphorylation) |
|
|
Term
| How does the Golgi ensure that proteins are sent to the correct final destination? |
|
Definition
| they are labeled with a signal sequence of molecules |
|
|
Term
| When preparing to send molecules to their final destinations, the Golgi _________ and ________ the final products. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the steps involved in the process of the formation and delivery of a secretory vesicle? |
|
Definition
1. the membrane of the outermost Golgi sac buds off with a protein coating which causing the Golgi membrane to curve
2. the vesicle looses its coating
3. it docks at the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| The __________ synthesizes protein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ packages the secretory product into vesicles that bud off and move to the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ___________ fuses with Golgi and empties into the __________. |
|
Definition
| transport vesicle, Golgi sac |
|
|
Term
| The _______________ modifies the protein into its final form and then sorts and sends it to its final destination. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______________ bud off from the Golgi and fuse with the ______________. |
|
Definition
| secretory vesicles, plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| Vesicles empty their contents to the ECF via __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extarcellular material is brought into the cell by ________ for attachment by __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of endocytosis? |
|
Definition
| pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
| What does pinocytosis mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does pinocytosis require ATP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of pinocytosis? |
|
Definition
| It is used for absorption of extracellular fluids. |
|
|
Term
| Pinocytosis is (specific/ unspecific) in substrates. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of receptor-mediated endocytosis? |
|
Definition
| It is used for specific uptake of substances needed by the cell. |
|
|
Term
| What are some substances that are brought into the cell via receptor-mediated endocytosis? |
|
Definition
| LDL, cholesterol complexes, vitamin B12, insulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is a form of endocytosis in which solid particles are engulfed by the cell membrane. |
|
|
Term
| Phagocytosis forms a vesicle called and internal ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phogocytosis is used to acquire ________ and to remove ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are lysosomal enzymes produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are lysosomes produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do lysosomes perform intracellular digestion? |
|
Definition
| The bind with a food vacuole or engulf a damaged organelle and digest the materials with ther enzymes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unnatural death of cells and living tissue |
|
|
Term
| ___________ destroy internal proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do proteosomes know which proteins to destroy? |
|
Definition
| Those proteins are marked with ubiquitin. |
|
|
Term
| Mitochondria are analogous to ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mitochondria produce ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three steps of cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
| glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
| What are the main electron carriers in cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aside from ATP, another main product of cellular respiration is _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mitochondria also store ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does glycolysis mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycolysis takes place in the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does glycolysis require oxygen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the citric acid cycle take place? |
|
Definition
| matrix of the mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of the citric acid cycle? |
|
Definition
| to finish the oxidization of glucose |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the pyruvate that enters the citric acid cycle? |
|
Definition
| It looses a carbon (through the loss of CO2), becoming a 2-carbon molecule called acetic acid. During this, a hydrogen and two electrons are also released making NADH from NAD+. Coenzyme A binds with acetic acid forming acetyl coA which binds with oxalacetate (4C) to form citrate (6C). |
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of glycolysis? |
|
Definition
| to form 2 molecules of pyruvate per glucose molecule. The pyruvate are neccesary for the citric acid cycle. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the electron transport chain located? |
|
Definition
| in the cristae of the mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of the electron transport chain? |
|
Definition
| to permit the controlled release of the energy provided by a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to synthesize ATP by phosphorylating ADP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Electrons fall to successively lower energy levels, releasing energy which is used to create a hydrogen ion gradient. There is a higher concentration of H+ in the intermembrane space than in the matrix. This gradient drives the synthesis of ATP through chemiosmosis. |
|
|
Term
| Mitochondrial metabolism can create ________ stress. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Biological responses to low exposure of toxins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low level of continuous oxidative stress may increases defense capacity |
|
|
Term
| Mitochindrial ________ vary among _______ and _______ types. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The vertebrate heart muscle contains ________% mitochondria/ cell volume. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A skeletal muscle contain _______% mitochondria/ cell volume. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxygen deficiency forces cells to rely on _______ and other _______ reactions, producing _________ among other things. |
|
Definition
| glycolysis, anaerobic, lactic acid |
|
|
Term
| About how many ATP total are produced in cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many net ATP are produced by glycolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many net ATP are produced by the citric acid cycle per glucose molecule (2 turns)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ATP are produced by the electron transport chain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what step does the oxygen we breath in play into cellular respiration? What is the role of this oxygen? |
|
Definition
| ETC, it acts as the final electron acceptor |
|
|
Term
| What are four main uses of ATP? |
|
Definition
- heat production
- membrane transport
- mechanical work
- synthesis of new chemical compounds
|
|
|
Term
| What kind of fluid is the cytosol? |
|
Definition
| it is gelatinous and semi-transparent |
|
|
Term
| What are the three major components of the cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
| cytosol, organelles, and inclusions |
|
|
Term
| The cytosol makes up about ____% of the cell volume. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cytosol composed of? |
|
Definition
| water, salts, organic molecules |
|
|
Term
| The inner, granular, and more fluid portion of the cytoplasm is known as the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three other main components of the cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
| proteins, enzymes, and the cytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical substances that store nutrients, secretory products, and pigment granules |
|
|
Term
| How is oxidation of food controleld so that there is not an explosive release of energy as heat? |
|
Definition
| oxidation is controlled by the many small steps of the ETC |
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical formula for cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
| C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP (~32) |
|
|
Term
| How many FADH2 are produced by the citric acid cycle (two turns)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many NADH are produced by the citric acid cycle (2 turns)? |
|
Definition
|
|
