Term
| What is the site of fertilization? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a protein on the plasma membrane of the sperm that binds to integrin from the egg |
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Term
| The binding of integrin and fertilin is ____________ specific. |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens after fertilin and integrin bind? |
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Definition
- a wave of Ca2+ ion propagates along the inner surface of the plasma membrane
- the calcium wave releases cortical granules into the perivitelline space and causes a flattening of the previously microbillar surface
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Term
| What is the purpose of the flattening of the previously microbillar surface? |
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Definition
| it keeps additional sperm from interacting with the oocyte |
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Term
| What triggers the final meiotic division of the secondary oocyte? |
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Definition
| penetration of the sperm into the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How does the mammalian blastocyst implant itself in the endometrium? |
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Definition
| through the action of trophoblastic enzymes |
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Term
| What hormones helps with contraction and cilia movement to move the sperm towards the site of fertilization? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two stages of growth experienced by the zygote just after fertilization? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the blastocyste that becomes the amniotic sac |
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Term
| What part of the blastocyste is destined to become the fetus? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the blastocyst that accomplishes implantation and develops into fetal portions of the placenta |
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Term
| What happens during the beginning steps in the ampula after fertilization? |
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Definition
- the zygote unergoes a number of mitotic cell divisions (morula)
- increasing concentration of pregesterone stimulates secretion of a nutrient medium into reproductive tract lumen
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Term
| How does descent of the morula into the uterus occur? |
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Definition
| by oviductal peristaltic contractions |
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Term
| Why does it take so long for the morula to descend into the uterus? |
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Definition
| it allows sufficient nutrients to accumulate in the uterus |
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Term
| While the morula is floating in the uterus, what happens? |
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Definition
| it becomes a blastocyst and the uterus prepares for implantation |
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Term
| What is another name for the trophoblast? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the trophectoderm? |
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Definition
| it accomplishes implantation, provides nutrients, and becomes the fetal part of the placenta |
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Term
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Definition
| the organ of exchange between maternal and fetal blood |
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Term
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Definition
| the trophoblastic layer from the embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| the out growth of the hindgut |
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Term
| How many layers of tissue separate maternal and fetal blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the maternal layers made up of? |
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Definition
| endothelium, endometrial stromal (connective tissue), epithelium (uterine luminal) |
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Term
| What are the fetal tissue layers made up of? |
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Definition
| epithelium (chorionic), stromal tissue (chorioalantoic), endothelium |
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Term
| When implantation is complete, where is the blastocyste located? |
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Definition
| it is completely buried in the endometrium |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does the venous blood of the fetus pick up? |
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Definition
| it picks up nutrients and oxygen and returns it to the heart |
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Term
| What do the hormones secreted by the CL and placenta do? |
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Definition
| they play a critical role in maintaining pregnancy |
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Term
| What happens to humans, mares, and sheep with regards to hormone production for pregnancy maintanence? |
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Definition
| the placenta takes over a produces progesterone |
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Term
| What happens in pigs, cow, goats, and rats with regards to hormone production for pregnancy maintenance? |
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Definition
| the CL produces progesterone throughout gestation |
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Term
| How long is the CL required in humans to maintain pregnancy? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long is the CL required in mares to maintain pregnancy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of chorionic gonadotropin? |
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Definition
- it maintains the corpus luteum of pregnancy
- stimulates secretion of testosterone by developing testes in male embryos
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Term
| What is the function of estrogen as a placental hormone? |
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Definition
- stimulates growth of the myometrium, increasing uterine strength for parturition
- helps prepare the mammary glands for lactation
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Term
| What is the function of progesterone as a placental hormone? |
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Definition
- it supresses uterine contractions to provide a quiet environment for the fetus
- promotes formation of the cervical mucus plug to prevent uterine contamination
- helps prepare the mammary glands for lactation
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Term
| What is the function of relaxin as a placental hormone? |
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Definition
- softens the cervix in preparartion for cervical dilation during parturition
- loosens connective tissue between pelvic bones in preparation for parturition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What system/organ has the longest critical period during development? |
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Definition
| the central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| In what ways do maternal body systems respond to increased demand of gestation? |
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Definition
- uterine enlargement (16 times by weight)
- mammary gland
- blood volume increase (30%)
- respiratory activity (16%)
- kidney output
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Term
| How is glucose transported across the placenta? |
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Definition
| by facilitated diffusion by non-insulin dependent hexose transporters (GLUT 1, GLUT 3) |
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Term
| How are amino acids transported across the placenta? |
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Definition
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Term
| With regards to amino acids, maternal ________ is converted into _______ prior to delivery of the fetus. |
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Definition
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Term
| How are fatty acids transported across the placenta? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is unique about the transport of antibodies acroos the placenta in primates and rodents? |
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Definition
| there is a substantial transfer of immunoglobulin G |
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Term
| What is unique about ruminants, horses, and pigs with antiboy transport across the placenta? |
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Definition
| there is no transfer of immunoglobulins |
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Term
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Definition
| it is a waste product from heme in hemoglobin |
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Term
| What happens to bilirubin? |
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Definition
| it is conjugated in the liver to make it water soluble and then excreted into bile |
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Term
| What happens to bilirubin in the fetus? |
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Definition
- it can only be conjugated in small portions but the unconjugated form can be transported across the placenta and excreted by the mother
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Term
| How much of the glucose turnover in the ewe is removed by the fetus near term? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in non-ruminants with ragards to carbohydrates? |
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Definition
| there is no apparent increase in gluconeogenesis |
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Term
| What happens in ruminants with regards to glucose? |
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Definition
| there is increase gluconeogenesis because not enough is absorbed through the diet |
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Term
| What happens to maternal glucose utilization? |
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Definition
| it decreases to accomodate the increased demand by the fetus |
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Term
| What happens to nitrogen metabolism in early pregnancy? |
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Definition
- stores amino acids as maternal protein for late gestation
- the dam retains protein in the muscle to give an increase in lean tissue of 8.5%
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Term
| What happens to nitrogen metabolism in late pregnancy? |
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Definition
- hormonally controlled muscle protein mobilizes to meet the rapid fetal growth
- increased efficiency in utilizing digested nitrogen: increased rate of urea recycling and increased absorption of amino acids in the digestive tract
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Term
| Changes in late gestation prepare for ____________. |
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Definition
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