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| Greek Philosopher who hypothesized the "Great Chain of Being" |
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| Irish Archbishop who calculated the date of creation (from the bible) to about 4004 BCE |
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| English Churchman who elaborated on James Ussher's date of creation by adding Oct 23, 9am |
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| French naturalist, created the idea of Catastrophism, explanined extinct fossil species as killed by fire and flood and explained new creations ontop of old catastrophies in stratigraphy |
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| British Geologist who published "Principles of Geology" the recognized the effects of natural processes and how the could sufficiently account for the past |
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| German geophysist who published "Origins of Continents and Oceans" which established the idea of continental drift, and plate tectonics |
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| British naturalist who went aboard the HMS beagle, published "The Origin of Species" and established the idea of evolution |
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| British naturalist who theorized the idea of 'natural selection' at the same time as Charles Darwin and Coannounced his findings with him at the Linnean Society. He also published "Geographical Distribution of Animals" that disucssed natural bariers effect on evolution |
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| British Bishop, great public speaker, who argued against Darwin's theory of evolution |
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| aka "Darwins Bulldog," public speaker and debater on Darwins behalf |
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| French naturalist that established the idea of "Lamarkian Inheritance" or the inheritance of aquired characteristics through reproduction |
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| Augustian Monk who's experiments with pea plants established modern genetics, His work was published in "Natural History society of Braun" but forgotten. It was rediscovered in 1900 by 5 different research groups. |
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| Mass Murderer who's lawyer pleaded that because of his XYY chromosome disease he was innately bound by genetics to crime. After his death it was discovered that he didn't have the disease. |
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| Won Nobel Prize for discovering DNA, made controversial comments regarding genetics - intelligence relationships and Eugenics |
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| Won Nobel Prize for discovering DNA |
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| Asissted Watson & Crick in discovering DNA, showed Watson & Crick the xray research of Rosalind Franklin without her permission |
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| Xray research paved the way for the discovery of DNA, was shown without her permission to Watson & Crick by Maurice Wilkin |
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| 3rd president of The US. Slave owner himself even though he proposed an act to outlaw slavery. He had children with one slave, Sally Hemmings |
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| Slave of Thomas Jefferson who had his children and was later freed |
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| Austrian biologist who discovered the ABO blood groupings |
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| English military surgeon who wrote "the surgeons mate" and advised sailors to eat lots of fresh fruits and vegetables to avoid getting scurvy |
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| British Navy captain who's crew stored fruits and vegetables in lead containers and got lead poisoning. They were attempting to find the North-West passge. They never returned home. |
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| Founder of the psuedo science of phrenology, measurements of the human skull attributed to mental makeup. |
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| Forensic Anthropologist, Michigan State University |
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| Dutch scientist who studied comparative anatomy of different animals. He also started the idea of racial "facial angles" |
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| German anthropologist who studied comparitive anatomy. He established a concept of 5 races based on skull studies (Caucasian, Mongolian, Malaysian, Ethiopian, American) |
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| Swedish professor of anatomy who established the cephalic index (skull measurements) |
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| "Father of American Anthropology," faught all forms of racism his whole life, contantly strived for empirical data. Wrote little ethongraphy |
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| French surgeon who discoverd the speech centers of the brain in the frontal lobes (contradicting the ideas of phrenology), also advanced the science of cranial anthropometry |
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| American physician, anatomist and teacher, first to tesify in court on the examination of human remains |
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| Authored "Essentials of Forensic Anthropology" (1979) regarded as founder of modern forensic anthropology |
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| Famous Forensic Anthropologist, examined JFK. Also famous for his activism such as the Argentinian mass graves after their revolution. |
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| Forensic Anthropologist, founded "The Body Farm," Lab to measure human decomposition |
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| German biologist who created Bergmann's rule - body shape defined by equatorial temperatures. |
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| created Allen's rule - body extremities are shorter in colder climates to conserve body heat. |
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| the process by which charateristics of organisms are either positively selected for increasing the organisms ability to survive and reproduce or negatively selected for not doing so. |
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| study of culture variation among humans |
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| study of human language variation, form and structure |
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| Biological/Physical Anthropology |
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Definition
| study of physical human variation, and evolution |
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| study of human history through material artifacts |
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| study of ancient humans from hominid fossil evidence |
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| study of prehistoric life (dinosaurs) |
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| hypothetical first human women based on global comparisson of mtDNA |
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| idea that a species is created once and never changes |
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| idea that a "god" created everything |
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| idea that a "god" created everything in a specific heirarchical system with inferior and superior races of humans |
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| explanined extinct fossil species as killed by fire and flood and explained new creations ontop of old catastrophies in stratigraphy |
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| study of layers of ground to form hypothesis about the history of that ground (by examining layers) |
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| Science philosophy established by Charles Lyell that attempted to exam the present by its connection to the past, and asserted that natural processes were sufficient to account for modern 'phenomenon' |
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Definition
| Alfred Wegener, continental drift |
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| super continent that separated into todays continents |
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| movement of continent land masses on the surface of the earht |
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| The Origins of Continents and Oceans |
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Definition
| book by Alfred Wegener, 1915 |
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| study of earths plates lithosphere moves on asthenosphere |
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| first layer under lithosphere |
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| where the asthenosphere pushes up and moves plates |
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Definition
| tsunamis can be caused by earthquakes in the ocean |
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| 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake; |
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| india plate slipped under asian plate momentarily |
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| Sumatran-Andaman earthquake |
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Definition
| other name for 2004 indian ocean earthquake |
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| Northern part of Pangea that became the northern hemisphere, Triassic period |
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| southern part of pangea that became todays sourthern hemisphere, Triassic period |
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| Swedish Naturalist who established biological nomenclature |
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| Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
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| traits are passed genetically without intermediate traits |
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| Ship that Darwin was a naturalist aboard |
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| Where Darwin retired to after the HMS beagle and published most work from |
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| Where Darwin made discoveries regarding the beeks of finches and their adaptation to the available food source |
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| process of separate adaptations branching to different environments from a single species |
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| How adapted an organism is to its specifc environment |
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| Alfred Wallace's line of genetic diversity in southeast asia |
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| Geographical Distribution of Animals |
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Definition
| Alfred Wallace's book on Wallaces line |
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| Principles of Inheritance |
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Definition
| Mendels findings on genetic inheritance |
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| Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics |
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| Jean Baptiste Lamark's book |
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| traits gained throughout life can be passed to offspring |
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| history of organims on earth through the process of evolution |
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| Blending Theory of Inheritance |
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Definition
| Lamarkian idea that an organism recieves half of its traits from each parent |
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| Law of Independent Segregation |
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Definition
| heredity is in discrete units |
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| theoretical corresponding sections of dna that produce a trait in the phenotype |
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| physical expression of genetic traits |
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| one of a number of alternative forms of the same gene |
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| Homozygous/heterozygous traits |
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Definition
| homo: XX, YY - hetero: XY, YX |
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| Law of Independent Assortment |
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| traits are not blended they are separate |
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| Proceedings of the Natural Nisiory Society of Brunn |
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| Where Gregor Mendel published his work but it was forgotten |
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| Mendel + Darwin: preserves genetic variability, traits can be passed in genetics even if not phenotyped |
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| "nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution" (meeting at Princeton 1947) |
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| single celled organims lacking nucleus |
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| multicellular organisms with nucleus |
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| Mitosis, Synthesis, G1, G2, Apoptosis |
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| process by which cytoplasm divides into 2 daughter cells. |
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| step where DNA replication occurs |
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| middle binding of a X shaped chromosome |
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| processs where cytoplasm is divided in cell division |
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| process by which gametes (sex cells are produced) |
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| sections of DNA, humans have 23 pairs |
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| 22 pairs of non-sex chromosomes |
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| 1 pair of sex chromosomes |
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| 47 chromosomes instead of 46 |
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| sex chromosomes, XX female, XY male |
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| Klinefelter syndrome, Richard Speck claimed to have this |
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| chromosonal tips control replication by wearing away (they replicate ~50 times) |
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| first mapping of an entire human genome |
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| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
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Definition
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| sugar and phosphate molecules |
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Definition
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Definition
| Adenine-Thymine, Gaunine-Cytosine |
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| Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms |
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| method of genetic fingerprinting where only one nucleotide is analyzed |
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| Restriction fragment length polymorphism |
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Definition
| method of genetic fingerprinting where only sections of dna where major human variation exists are examined. |
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| Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) |
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Definition
| dna passed down the matrilineal line present in the chromosomes of the mitochondria |
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| dna passed only down the male line |
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| "non coding dna" up through the 90s we thought 95% of dna served no purpose, now we think 80% is functional |
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| Cambridge Reference Sequence |
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| Aka Anderson Reference Sequence, work that led to human genome project |
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| Joint POW MIA Accounting Command |
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| autosomal recessive disorder resulting in death byage 4 |
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| lifestyle and enviroment can influence genes |
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| groups of interbreeding organisms in a gene pool |
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| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium |
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| phenotype AA: Aa : aa, ratio 1:2:1 |
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| random change in genetic code |
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| population movement: emigration, immigration, trade, warfare, intermixing of breeding groups |
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| populations separated by physical barrier, left in exclusivity, drift genetically from species |
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| reproduction with species members too similar to one in genetic makeup |
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| genetic inbreeding disease from the Habsburg royal family |
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| positive assortive mating |
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| mating pattern where individuals mate with similar genotypes and phenotypes |
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| Traits of Simple Inheritance |
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Definition
| controlled by single location on gene |
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| Traits of Complex Inheritance |
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| traits that are polygenic and multifactorial |
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| red blood cell protein, 95% of RBC |
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| help clotting,aka Thrombocytes |
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| suspension liquid, 55% of blood |
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| process that causes bleeding to stop |
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| Karl Landsteiner discovered |
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| International Society of Blood Tranfusion |
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| founded in 1935 to increase research in blood transfusions |
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| type A individuals 4x more suseptible, last epidemic was in india |
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| major plague centers of world have lowest % of type O |
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| recessive genetic disorder that causes red blood cells to be cresent shaped |
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| heterozygous version of sickle cell that helps prevent malaria spreading |
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| genus of infectious diseases (malaria is one) |
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| genus of mosquitos that transmit malaria |
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| physical differences in human developement between males and females |
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| body shaped determined by latitude, extremity length determined by temperature |
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| (rickets) softening of bones due to lack of vitamin D |
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| disease of lack of vitamin C (from lack of fresh fruits and vegetables on long ship voyages) |
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| book by John Woodall, about scurvy on long voyages |
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| John franklins expedition where everyone contracted lead poisoning from the cans that stored fresh fruits and vegetables |
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| pseudo science of taking skull measurements and attributing them to racial characteristics of inteligence and so forth |
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| in phrenology it is a graphy of a persons mental traits (pseudo science) |
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| relationship of maxilla and mandible |
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| having jaws that protrude forward |
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| data interpreted by George Cuvier showing the superiority of facial angles of the european white race |
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| ratio of skull width to length, from the top |
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| where immigrants entered the united states |
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| Father of American Anthropology |
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| loss of ability to produce language (by this part of the brain) |
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| loss of ability to understand language in any form,but they can still produce it |
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| hole where the spinal cord enters the skull |
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Definition
| very closed genetic pool, lots of inbreeding, large prevalance of Tay Sacs |
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Definition
| immediate response to stress |
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Definition
| long term response to stress |
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| Developmental acclimatization |
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Definition
| permanent physiological change |
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Definition
| narrowing of blood vessels |
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Definition
| widening of blood vessels |
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Definition
| negative correlation with temperature |
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Definition
| exception to allen, bergman rule - but probably from malnutrition, hormonal deficiency |
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Definition
| enlarged fat distribution, buttocks and stomach |
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| related to face size, related to temperature and humidity |
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Definition
| penetrates deepest, causes melanoma |
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| tans, vitamin D production |
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| Melanocortin I receptor (MC IR) |
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| measurement of light reflectivity |
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| to protect against UV, corresponds to latitude |
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| required for cell division, especially during fetal developement |
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| can be caused by lack of folate |
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| deadly form of deap skin cancer in melanocytes |
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| force of the weight of the air above |
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| larger with higher altitudes |
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| visual inspection of unmeasurable features when examining the human body |
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| around time of death, during death |
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| measure of how long the body has been dead |
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| Sex, Age, Stature, Ancestry, Anomalies and Pathologies |
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| study of decaying organism overtime |
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| either Natural, Accident, Suicide, Homicide, or Undetermined. |
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| High Altitude Adaptation Hemoglobin |
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