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| Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reigns of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I. |
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| Pre-Incan South American society that fell to Incas in the fifteenth century. |
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| Style of agriculture used by Mexica (Aztecs) in which fertile muck from lake bottoms was dredged and built up into small plots. |
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| Powerful South American empire that would reach its peak in the fifteenth century during the reigns of Pachacuti Inca and Topa Inca. |
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| Eastern American Indian confederation made up of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca tribes. |
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| Polynesian temple structure. |
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| Term referring to the Pacific Ocean basin and its lands. |
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| Incan mnemonic aid comprised of different colored strings and knots that served to record events in the absence of a written text. |
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| Capital of the Aztec empire, later Mexico City. |
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| Central American society (950-1150) that was centered around the city of Tula. |
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| "deputy," Islamic leader after the death of Muhammad. |
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| The "house of Islam," a term for the Islamic world. |
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| The foundation of Islam; (1) profession of faith, (2) prayer, (3) fasting during Ramadan, (4) alms, and (5) pilgrimage, or hajj. |
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| The sayings and deeds of Muhammad. |
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| Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Medina in 622, which is the beginning point of the Islamic calendar and is considered to mark the beginning of the Islamic faith. |
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| Tax in Islamic empires that was imposed on non-Muslims. |
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| Main shrine in Mecca, goal of Muslims embarking on the hajj. |
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| Islamic institutions of higher education that originated in the tenth century. |
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| City conquered by Muhammed in 630. He destroyed pagan shrines and erected mosques. |
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| Prophet of Islam (570-632). |
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| Islamic holy book that is believed to contain the divine revelations of Allah as presented to Muhammad. |
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| Letters of credit that were common in the medieval Islamic banking world. |
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| The Islamic holy law, drawn up by theologians from the Qu'ran, and accounts of Muhammad's life. |
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| Islamic minority in opposition to the Sunni majority; their belief is that leadership should reside in the line descended from Ali. |
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| Islamic mystics who placed more emphasis on emotion and devotion than on strict adherence to rules. |
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| "Traditionalists," the most popular branch of Islam; Sunnis believe in the legitimacy of the early caliphs, compared to the Shiite belief that only a descendent of Ali can lead. |
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| Arabic dynasty (661-750), with its capital at Damascus, that was marked by a tremendous period of expansion to Spain in the west and India in the east. |
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| Islamic term for the "community of the faithful." |
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