Term
| what is dynamic constance? |
|
Definition
| pattern of change over time when conditions fluctuate above and below set point, but average out to the set point over time |
|
|
Term
| what is negative feedback? |
|
Definition
| producing an effect in the opposite direction |
|
|
Term
| what are antagonistic effectors? |
|
Definition
| two effectors working in opposite directions |
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|
Term
| what is positive feedback? give 2 examples |
|
Definition
produces change away from homeostasis
1. blood clotting
2. birthing contractions |
|
|
Term
| what are the 7 steps of scientific method? |
|
Definition
1. observation
2. hypothesis
3. predict
4. experiment
5. result
6. conclusion
7. theory |
|
|
Term
| what is the term for how physiological processes are altered by disease or injury? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 main tissue types? |
|
Definition
epithelial.
muscle.
connective.
nervous. |
|
|
Term
squamous cells
what is the shape, and where are they found? |
|
Definition
they are lil' pancakes
theyre found in the skin, surfaces, and organ linings |
|
|
Term
| what is the shape and location of cuboidal cells? |
|
Definition
obviously theyre cubes
in ducts and the pancreas |
|
|
Term
| what shape and where are columnar cells? |
|
Definition
well theyre column shaped, good job
and theyre found in the digestive tract, uterine lining, and respiratory passageways |
|
|
Term
| what distinguishes a keritanized membrane? |
|
Definition
| a layer of dead cells on top of the tissue |
|
|
Term
| exocrine glands secrete to ___ and do/dont have ducts. whereas endocrine glands secrete to ____ and do/dont have ducts. |
|
Definition
| exocrine glands secrete to BODY SURFACES and DO have ducts. whereas endocrine glands secrete to THE BLOOD and DONT have ducts. |
|
|
Term
| what tissue has intercalated discs, is short and striated, can conduct impulses and is involuntary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what kind of tissue is multinucleated,
bundled, and voluntary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of tissue is involuntary and not striated? where is it? |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle. in vessel walls, organs and tubes |
|
|
Term
| what general tissue type is characterized by alot of space inbetween cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name 4 types of connective tissues |
|
Definition
cartilage
bone
blood
adipose
connective tissue proper |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between neurons and gilal cells/ |
|
Definition
neurons- conduct impulses
gilial cells- support neurons |
|
|
Term
| what must a glob of tissue have to be considered an organ? |
|
Definition
| variance - 2 types of general tissue types minimum |
|
|
Term
| walk me through a negative feedback loop...ive got 6ish steps |
|
Definition
1. set point
2. deviation from set point
3. sensor detects and sends the info to an
4. integrating center who sends instructions to the
5. effector that reacts to bring it back to the
6. set point and usually goes too far and the cycle starts again |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic regulatory mechanisms? |
|
Definition
intrinsic- regulations are built into an organ
extrinsic - regulations come from outside the organ, like from the nervous or endocrine system |
|
|
Term
| what are nucleic acids made out of? |
|
Definition
| sugars with a P and N group |
|
|
Term
how many rings do
pyrimidines and purines have each? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
DNA to RNA is called
RNA to Protien is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are cofactors vs coenzymes |
|
Definition
cofactors - metals
coenzymes - vitamins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the direction of reaction is from the side equation that is higher to side thats lower |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the final product comes back to inhibit the enzyme that made it |
|
|
Term
| energy transformations increase the degree of disorganization of a system why? |
|
Definition
| because only free energy (in an organized state) can be used |
|
|
Term
| explain high energy and low energy/disorganized and organized energy with glucose |
|
Definition
high energy and organized would be glucose
low energy and disorganized would be the pieces of molecule like co2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
g1. normal cell goin
S. dna is replaced to begin division
g2. chromatin condenses before division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protiens that promote different phases of the cell cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genes that inhibit cell development can inhibit or promote cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when pathological changes kill the cell |
|
|
Term
| what happens with the mitosis stages? |
|
Definition
pro-chromosomes are visible
meta-the c like up at center
ana- centromeres split (pulled away by s.fibers)
telo- cytoplasm divides and get two cells |
|
|
Term
| possible causes of cancer? takes many to get it |
|
Definition
messed up dna
messed up enzymes
cant stop dividing
have no spacial detectors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the cell cant stop dividing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is NADFAD vs. NADHFADH oxidized or reuced |
|
Definition
NAD is oxidized
FAD is reduced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anabolism makes molecules
catabolism breaks molecules |
|
|
Term
| what are the products of glycolysis? |
|
Definition
| 2 pyruvates 2 ATP and 2 NADH takes place in cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skeletal muscle lactic acid goes to the liver after rest. from there it is converted to pyruvate then to glucose. called gluconeogenesis |
|
|
Term
| what happens in aerobic respiration? |
|
Definition
pyruvate to acetyl coa
co2 is released |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the krebs cycle? |
|
Definition
acetyl coa to citric acid makes:
1 atp 1 fadh and 3 nadh |
|
|
Term
| how many atps can a glucose mc make? |
|
Definition
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