Term
| What are the 3 phylums of Deuterstomes we studied? |
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Definition
| Hemi-chordates, chordates, and echinoderms |
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Term
| What 2 traits of chordates do hemichordates have? |
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Definition
| Pharangial slits and Dorsal Nerve chord |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Notochord (stiffened tissue supporting the body) 2. Dorsal nerve chord 3. Post Anal tail 4. Pharangial slits |
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Term
| Name the key traits of Vertebrates. |
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Definition
| Cranium, cephelazation (nervous tissue is concentrated in head region, backbone |
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Term
What subphylum is agnatha?
Describe this class. |
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Definition
| Vertebrates. Agnatha are jawless (includes lampreys), endoparasites |
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Term
sub-phylum Cephalochordates:
Phylum?
Common Name?
Key Traits? |
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Definition
| 1. Phylum chordata 2. Lancelets 3. Only 25 species, bury in wet sand |
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Term
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Definition
| The Tunicates. Baglike appearance, marine filter feeders, 3000 species |
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Term
| What are the three types of instability in fish and how are they solved? |
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Definition
§ Yaw: left/right deflection – solved by dorsal and ventral fins
§ Pitch: Up/down – solved by Pectoral fins
§ Roll: Rotation – solved by dorsal, pectoral, and anal fins |
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Term
| What is the difference between homologous and analogous traits? |
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Definition
- Homologous traits refer to traits in different species with a common ancestor, where the trait remains the same in the ancestor.
- Analogous traits to those that converged separately. |
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Term
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Definition
| The clade of jawed vertebrates |
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Term
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Definition
| Early jawed vertebrates, includes sharks and rays. They lack a swim bladder. |
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Term
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Definition
| a gas filled bladder that allows fish to regulate buoyancy so they don’t sink. As a result, sharks need more energy to adjust buoyancy since they don't have one. Their large livers help reduce density. |
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Term
What group of algae did land plants evolve from?
Name some similarities or reasons why we believe they are linked. |
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Definition
Charophytes.
- Live in shallow fresh water that dries up seasonally, thus they adapted to living in air
- Cell walls
- Swimming sperm
- Organelle peroxisome |
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Term
| What are the major groups of land plants? |
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Definition
1. Most primitive: Bryophytes (mosses, hornworts)
- Non vascular (no tubes)
2. Pteridophytes – seedless vascular plants
3. Gynosperms (naked seed)
- Abundance going down
4. Angiosperms (flowering)
- Most abundant |
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Term
| What features have plants used to adapt to land living? |
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Definition
*Waxy cuticle, spores, embryo, cellulose starch, photosynthesis, Apical meristems, alternate generations
1. Waxy cuticle - prevents water loss
2. Spores - Haploid reproductive structures that can disperse and develop into new plants
3. Retention of embryo by parent
4. Use of starch as storage material
5. Cellulose for rigidity
6. Photosynthetic method of getting nutrients
7. - Apical meristem – tips of plants, where growth happens, gives access to sunlight
8. - Alteration of generations – complex life cycles, have both haploid and diploid stages |
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Term
| Recognize polyphyletic group Bryophytes. |
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Definition
1. Consist of Marchantiophyta (liverworts), Anthocerotophyta (hornworts), and Bryophyta (mosses). 25,000 species
2. Fossil record: 400 mya
3.Lack vascular tissue (vascular tissue can function as “circulatory” system)
4. Many lack cuticles
5. Lack seeds
6. Must live in moist areas to obtain water via diffusion.
7. Have Swimming sperm |
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Term
| What two major groups of seeded plants (spermatophytes) did we study? |
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Definition
| Angiosperms (flowering) and Gymnosperms (naked seed) |
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Term
How do you recognize gymnosperms?
How many species... |
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Definition
| 1. Includes conifers (pines), ginko, getophytes (woody plants), and cycad 2. Appears in diploid sporophyte form 3. Most have pollen rather than swimming sperm 4. about 700 species. 5.No fruit (naked seed = no overy) |
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Term
| How to recognize angiosperms? |
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Definition
| 1. Flowering plants 2. Most successful group - 250,000, fierce competitors 3. Most seeds enclosed in ovaries |
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Term
| How do angiosperms avoid selfing (self-pollination)? |
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Definition
| 1. Fruits assist in dispersal via mutualism with animals (pollination, frit eaters). 2. Winged seeds that catch the wind 3. Anthers may release pollen before stigma matures |
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Term
| What is the problem with selfing? |
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Definition
| It minimizes diversity and can cause genetic problems - rare undesirable recessive traits are more likely to appear. |
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Term
| What are the two types of vascular tissues? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Phloem is the soft tubing that transports carbohydrates and nutrients. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hard walled tubing that starts in the roots and transports water and nutrients in the plant. |
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Term
| What early fruited plant did we learn about? |
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Definition
| Archaefructus - Had carpels and stamens, but not fully developed flowers. |
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Term
| What key trait sets angiosperms from gymnosperms? |
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Definition
| Pollination - angiosperms target pollination. |
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Term
| what is gametophyte phase? |
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Definition
| Haploid phase seen in plants and algae |
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Term
| What is sporophyte phase? |
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Definition
| In the sporophyte phase, a diploid plant body grows and eventually produces spores through meiosis |
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Term
| Which group of plants has a dominant gametophyte phase? |
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Definition
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Term
| The sporophyte phase is dominant in which groups that we studied? |
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Definition
| Angiosperms and gymnosperms (vascular seeded plants) |
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Term
| How are gynosperms said to be in the decline? |
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Definition
| The number of species has gone down since their more primitive years. |
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Term
| What seedless vascular group did we study? How is it recognized? |
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Definition
| Pteridophytes (ferns). *4 phyla (12000 species - most are ferns), has both xylem and phloem tissue but lacks seeds. They aren't as H2O dependent. |
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Term
| What defines a seed (3 traits)? |
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Definition
| 1. Embryo 2. Food storage 3. protective coat |
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Term
| What are the benefits of having seeds? |
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Definition
| 1. Allows plants to survive on land and grow into sporophytes. 2. Allows for dispersal (good for resource competition of sun, food, water..) 3. Produces coevolution 4. Allows mutualistic relationship between plants and seed dispenser animals. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Spores - reproductive structures in ferns |
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Term
| Importance of bryophytes? |
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Definition
| 1. The genus sphagnum can hold water on bogs - a major component of ecosystems (it grows like a surface material on water) - also called peat moss 2. It can be used for burning. |
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Term
| How do nutrients get into the plant roots? |
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Definition
| Cells create a membrane potential (difference in charge across a membrane). Protons are pumped out to create this gradient and as a result, the system attempts to equal the charge. Cations are attracted inside to a negative charge and are transported via cotransport proteins. A positive charge inside the cell will result in anions (especially nitrate-NO3) being transported into the cell. Neutral solutes such as sucrose may be cotransported as well. |
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Term
| Explain the role in hypertonicity to move water into the plant roots. |
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Definition
| All the nutrients drawn into the cell via a membrane potential create plant cells that are hypertonic to their environment. As a result, water is drawn in. |
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Term
| How does water get transported to the top of plants? |
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Definition
| Process: 1. Cohesion - hydrogen bonds of water keep water molecules together. 2. Adhesion - Water hangs on to the xylem cells (due to charge difference)3. Tension - Water is pulled up as a result of evaporation in the leaves. Water forms a long chain from the leaf to the root. |
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Term
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Definition
| Water loss through the leaves (thru the stomata) |
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Term
| How is sugar transported? |
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Definition
| Sugar translocation - Protons are ejected outside of the cell to a high concentration. Protons and sucrose move into the cell where there is a low concentration (by contransporters). The sugar creates a hypertonic cell so water flows in. Result = high water pressure. The Phloem cells are connected like a tube, so the high pressure is relieved by having the water/nutrient solution flow through this tubing. |
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Term
| What is the initial cell? What are the sink cells? |
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Definition
| Initial cell = source phloem cell, where pressure is very high. Solution flows from initial cell to sink cells (which have low pressure). |
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Term
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Definition
| Urochordates, cephelochordates, vertebrates |
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Term
| What is significant about the color red in flowers. |
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Definition
| It's a color that mammals and birds see well and thus are attracted to. This attraction results in a mutualistic relationship where angiosperms are pollinated. |
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Term
| What type of flowers are birds attracted to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What angiosperms are bats attracted to? |
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Definition
| White, strong odor (they're night time pollinators) |
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Term
| What angiosperms are moths attracted to? |
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Definition
| Variable colored, sweet scented |
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Term
| What angiosperms are bees attracted to? |
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Definition
| Yellow, purple, UV patterns, sweet scents |
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Term
| An example of specialized pollination? |
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Definition
| The Rufus hummingbird - Octillo's flowers bloom at the same time the birds are passing thru in migration. |
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Term
| The benefits of flowers targeting one species? |
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Definition
| That species will take the pollen to the proper species (reliability) |
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Term
| Disadvantages to targeting a single species? |
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Definition
| If the species dies out the flower is screwed (like putting all eggs in one basket) |
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Term
| Generalist vs specialist? |
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Definition
| General pollination involves several speceis, which is better if there's a population crash. |
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Term
| What are the three chief vertebrate clades? |
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Definition
| 1. Gnathostomes - jawed 2. Tetrapods - four limbs 3. Amniotes - amniotic egg |
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Term
| What was a key benefit of the amniotic egg? |
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Definition
| Amphibians required water for reproduction. This egg prevented dessication and allowed movement onto land. |
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Term
| Elements of amniotic egg? |
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Definition
| gas exchange, food supply, nitrogenous waste (similar to seed) |
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Term
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Definition
| It's paraphyletic - it doesn't include mammals and birds which came from this group. 8,500 species - used to contain more. Amniotic egg, scaly dry skin |
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Term
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Definition
Very successful currently (5800), diversity came about 66 mya. Traits: hair, endothermy, mammary glands/milk, live birth.
Distinctive inner earbones for hearing in air vs water (homologous to reptile jaw). |
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Term
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Definition
| Dimetrodor. Therapsid group - had vertical leg - "ventral" vs. lateral like in most reptiles (210 mya). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Food spoilage, disease, food, drugs, model organism, |
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Term
| Bony fish and their three lineages |
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Definition
| Ostheichthyes - ray finned (most common), lung, lobe finned |
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Term
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Definition
| 450 mya, evolved in fresh water, 20,000, bone is advantageous in that it can repair itself and is stronger than cartilage, highly mobile fins, swim bladder is homologous to lung (which came first). Operculum allows efficient flow of water into mouths |
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Term
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Definition
| Most successful bony fish, rays support fins. ONLY group with a swim bladder. Others have lung like organ. |
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Term
|
Definition
| can aestricate - burrow to survive |
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Term
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Definition
| ancestors of tetrapod clade, had four limb-like fins. Coelocant is the only living genus "living fossil" - it hadn't been seen for 200,000 years |
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Term
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Definition
| Has gills and latterally compressed tail and four limbs. The middle man between lobe finned and tetrapods. 360 mya. It's pelvic girdle was well evolved like land animals. |
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Term
| Benefit of having legs in water? |
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Definition
| Can move about in shallow water, can crawl over/under things, can feed on bottoms of lakes. 360 mya was a time of swamps and shallow water |
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Term
| 1st vertebrate class on land? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Require water for reproduction, need water to live (constraint on adaption to terrestrial living), lungs, cutaneous respiration |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hind limbs evolved to be large and flexed |
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Term
|
Definition
| Retained ancestral look - four limbs and hind limbs are about the same size |
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Term
| Legless forms of tetrapods? |
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Definition
| Snakes, caecillans (like snakes but with moist skin), the benefit of no legs = burrowing |
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