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| a principle of the federal government, according to the U.S. Constitution, that allows each branch of government to limit the power of the other branches |
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| an agreement made by the people to establish a government and abide by its laws |
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| a period in European history when many educated people stressed the importance of learning and reasoning; |
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| a person’s ability to be free and independent |
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| having an effect or impact on the actions, behavior, opinions, etc., of another or others |
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| laws passed by government to protect natural rights |
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| the belief that individuals are born with basic rights that cannot be taken away by governments; life, liberty, and property |
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| the structure of the federal government, according to the U.S. Constitution, that sets up three branches with their own distinct powers and responsibilities |
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| an implied agreement among the people of an organized society that defines the rights, duties, and limitations of the governed and the government |
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| an official agreement made by two or more parties |
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| a pamphlet published by Thomas Paine in 1776 to convince the American colonists to support becoming independent from England |
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| the idea that people have the right to fair and reasonable laws, and that government leaders and officials have to follow rules when enforcing laws and treat all people in the same way |
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| a government document that expanded the powers of the English Parliament and expanded the rights of the people, as well as further limited the rights of the king |
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| a government that has been limited in power by a constitution, or written agreement |
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| a system of government in which the king or queen shares authority with an elected legislature and agrees to be bound by a constitution or a set of laws, also known as a constitutional monarchy |
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| a government document that limited the power of the king of England and protected the rights of the nobility; written by the English nobles in 1215 |
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| an agreement between individuals that created a government that would provide order and protect the rights of the colonists |
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| the introduction to the U.S. Constitution |
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| a set of things that people believe they should be free to do |
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| the idea that those who govern must follow the laws; no one is above the law |
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| popular or representative system where the people create and run their own government |
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| the colonial journalist who wrote Common Sense in 1776 |
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| goods sent to another country |
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| merchandise or objects for sale or trade |
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| goods brought into the country |
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| rights guaranteed or belonging to a person |
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| governing body responsible for making laws |
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| to collect by legal authority |
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| the use of authority or power in a cruel or unjust manner |
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| a person or group acting on behalf of another person or group |
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| money charged by a government for specific facilities or services |
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| taxation without representation |
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| the idea that it is unfair to tax someone without giving them a voice in government |
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| an agreement made by the people to establish a government and abide by its laws |
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| a system of government where the ruler has unlimited power |
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| to be given something naturally |
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| to establish by using authority or power |
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| to establish by using authority or power |
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| the belief that individuals are born with basic rights that cannot be taken away by governments |
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| the use of authority or power in a cruel or unjust manner |
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| the quality or state of being correct |
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| obvious, having no need of proof |
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| a government that abuses its power |
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| a single ruler that possesses and abuses absolute government power |
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| unalienable (inalienable) rights |
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| basic rights of the people that may not be taken away |
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| the act of exercising power by force |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| the first constitution of the United States |
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| a system of government where power is located with the independent states and there is little power in the central government |
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| Constitutional Convention |
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| a meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 where delegates decided to throw out the Articles of Confederation and draft the Constitution |
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| something owed; such as money |
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| an event when 2,000 Massachusetts farmers rebelled against land foreclosures and debt from the Revolutionary War |
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| method of protecting oneself |
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| referring to something at home, not foreign |
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| a system of establishing what is legal and illegal by fair rules |
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| to establish something by law |
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| the introduction to the U.S. Constitution |
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| something formed by combining parts, such as states into one country |
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| a principle of the federal government, according to the U.S. Constitution, that allows each branch of government to limit the power of the other branches |
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| constitutional government |
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| a form of government based on a written set of laws that all citizens agree to; in this form of government, the constitution is the highest law of the land |
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| the power of the judicial branch to review the actions of the executive and legislative branches and determine whether or not they are unconstitutional (this includes laws passed by Congress) |
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| a government that has been limited in power by a constitution, or written agreement |
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| U.S. Supreme Court case that established judicial review |
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| the structure of the federal government, according to the U.S. Constitution, that sets up three branches with their own distinct powers and responsibilities |
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| a series of essays written to oppose and defeat the proposed U.S. Constitution |
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| a group of people in the early United States who opposed ratification of the U.S. Constitution because they feared a strong national government and a lack of protection for individual rights |
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| the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution |
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| a series of essays written to explain and defend the proposed U.S. Constitution |
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| a group of people in the early United States who favored the establishment of a strong national government and who worked for ratification of the U.S. Constitution |
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| the process of formally approving something; ratification of the U.S. Constitution |
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| a system of government where power is located with the independent states and there is little power in the central government |
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| a system of government where power is shared between a central government and states |
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| a system or organization for exercising authority over a body of people |
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| the head of a state government |
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| a system of government where power lies with the legislative body and the leader of the country is part of the legislature |
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| the head of the executive branch in a federal system |
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| the head of state in a parliamentary system |
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| a system of government where almost all power is located with the central government |
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| the first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution |
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| cruel and unusual punishment |
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| punishment prohibited by the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution |
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| the prosecution of a defendant for a criminal offense for which he has already been tried; prohibited in the Fifth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution |
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| the right of people accused of crimes to have laws that treat them fairly, so that they cannot lose their life or freedom without having their legal rights protected |
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| the right of the government to take private property for public use; the Fifth Amendment requires that people be paid fairly (compensated) for their property if it is taken by the government |
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| equal protection under the law |
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| a guarantee under the 14th Amendment that a state must treat a citizen or class of citizens the same as it treats other citizens or classes in like circumstances |
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| an amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibiting Congress from establishing a religion, and from interfering with freedom of religious exercise, press, speech, assembly, or petition |
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| the right of a person to refuse to testify under oath in a court of law on the grounds that the answers could be used as evidence against him to convict him of a criminal offense |
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| the idea in the Second Amendment that people have an individual right to own and carry weapons |
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| the right of a defendant to be assisted by an attorney, and if he cannot afford his own lawyer, the government must appoint one for him; established in the Sixth Amendment |
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| the process by which police or other authorities who suspect that a crime has been committed do a search of a person's property and collect evidence related to the crime; protection from illegal search and seizure is in the Fourth Amendment |
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| the right to vote; protected in the 15th, 19th, 24th and 26th Amendments |
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| a trial in which the issue is determined by a judge and a jury, usually with 12 members, whose job is to determine facts and make a judgment of guilty or not guilty; protected in the Sixth Amendment |
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| according to the Ninth Amendment, any right that is not specifically addressed in the Constitution still may be protected (e.g., privacy) |
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| the first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution |
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| cruel and unusual punishment |
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Definition
| punishment prohibited by the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution |
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Definition
| the prosecution of a defendant for a criminal offense for which he has already been tried; prohibited in the Fifth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution |
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Definition
| the right of people accused of crimes to have laws that treat them fairly, so that they cannot lose their life or freedom without having their legal rights protected |
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Definition
| the right of the government to take private property for public use; the Fifth Amendment requires that people be paid fairly (compensated) for their property if it is taken by the government |
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| equal protection under the law |
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Definition
| a guarantee under the 14th Amendment that a state must treat a citizen or class of citizens the same as it treats other citizens or classes in like circumstances |
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Definition
| an amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibiting Congress from establishing a religion, and from interfering with freedom of religious exercise, press, speech, assembly, or petition |
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Definition
| the right of a person to refuse to testify under oath in a court of law on the grounds that the answers could be used as evidence against him to convict him of a criminal offense |
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Definition
| the idea in the Second Amendment that people have an individual right to own and carry weapons |
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| the process by which police or other authorities who suspect that a crime has been committed do a search of a person's property and collect evidence related to the crime; protection from illegal search and seizure is in the Fourth Amendment |
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Definition
| the right to vote; protected in the 15th, 19th, 24th and 26th Amendments |
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| a trial in which the issue is determined by a judge and a jury, usually with 12 members, whose job is to determine facts and make a judgment of guilty or not guilty; protected in the Sixth Amendment |
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Definition
| according to the Ninth Amendment, any right that is not specifically addressed in the Constitution still may be protected (e.g., privacy) |
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| the power to hear appeals of cases which have been tried in lower courts |
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| the nation’s military (Air Force, Army, Coast Guard, Marines, National Guard and Navy) |
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| a numbered chapter or section of a contract, treaty, or constitution |
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| the power of the legislative branch to print money (coins and bills) for use |
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| powers shared by the national, state, and/or local government |
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| the power of Congress to vote to go to war with another country |
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| the powers specifically named and assigned to the federal government or prohibited to be exercised by the states under the U.S. Constitution, also known as enumerated powers |
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| the power of Congress to pass all laws they deem necessary and proper for carrying out its enumerated powers (also known as implied powers) |
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| the powers specifically named and assigned to the federal government or prohibited to be exercised by the states under the U.S. Constitution, also known as delegated powers |
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| the branch of government that enforces the laws made by the legislative branch |
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| the power of the executive branch to decide on the United States’ dealings with other countries in order to achieve national goals |
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| the movement of people from one country to another country |
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| to bring formal charges of wrongdoing against a public official (such as the U.S. President) |
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| powers not written in the U.S. Constitution but are necessary and proper in order for the federal government to carry out the expressed powers |
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| the branch of government that interprets the laws made by the legislative branch |
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| the branch of government that creates laws |
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| laws made by Congress that people from other countries must follow in order to become legal citizens of the United States |
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| necessary and proper clause |
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| the power of Congress to make laws they view as necessary and proper to carry out their enumerated powers; also known as the elastic clause |
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| the power of a court to be the first to hear a case on a specific topic |
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| presidential appointments |
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| the power of the U.S. President to choose members of his or her cabinet, ambassadors to other nations, and other officials in his or her administration |
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| to control, govern, or direct according to rule |
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| to buy and sell goods or services |
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| the national legislative body of the U.S., consisting of the Senate, or upper house, and the House of Representatives, or lower house |
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| U.S. House of Representatives |
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| the lower house of the U.S. Congress |
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| the upper house of the U.S. Congress |
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| the highest court of the United States; it sits at the top of the federal court system |
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| a change to a constitution (e.g., U.S. Constitution, Florida Constitution) |
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| a meeting to select a candidate or promote a policy |
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| to confirm by expressing consent or approval |
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| to officially cancel or overturn |
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