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| Early French dynasty that started with Hugh Capet. |
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| Medieval heretics, also known as the Albigensians, who considered the material world evil; their followers renounced wealth and marriage and promoted an ascetic existence. |
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| European medieval concept, a code of conduct for the knights based on loyalty and honor. |
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| Campaigns by Christian knights to seize the holy lands that led to trade with Muslims and the importation of Muslim ideas regarding science and mathematics. |
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| A grant of land from a lord to a vassal. |
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| Socially significant groups of craftspeople who regulated the production, sale, and quality of manufactured goods. |
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| Association of trading cities in northern Europe linked by major rivers to the Mediterranean. |
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| One aspect of the medieval European church versus state controversy, the granting of church offices by a lay leader. |
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| Revered artifacts from saints that inspired pilgrimages to cities such as Rome, Compostela, and Jerusalem. |
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| Christian rite mediating or symbolizing divine grace. |
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| Divide that occurs between Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches in 1054 as a result of political tensions and ritual and doctrinal differences. |
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| Medieval attempt of thinkers like St. Thomas Aquinas to merge the beliefs of Christianity with the logical rigor of Greek philosophy. |
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| New capital built by Peter the Great in 1703. Known as the "window on the west," the city served as headquarters for the navy and government. |
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| Term for the social classes of the spiritual estate (clergy), the military estate (feudal nobles), and the estate of peasants and serfs. |
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| Capital of the Ptolemaic empire, situated at the mouth of the Nile river and home of the famous Alexandria Museum and Alexandria Library. |
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| The portion of Alexander's realm that that included Greece and Macedon. |
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| Victory for Athens (490 B.C.E.) over Persia during the Persian War (500-479 B.C.E.). |
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| The most popular of Ancient Greek religious cults. |
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| The military and economic alliance between Greek poleis against the threat presented by the Persian Empire. |
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| Greek god of wine, also known as Bacchus; Greek plays were performed in his honor. |
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| Philosophers who taught that pleasure- as in quiet satisfaction- was the greatest good. |
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| First phase in Greek history (ca. 2000-328 B.C.E.), which was highlighted by the Golden Age of Athens in the fifth century B.C.E. |
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| A frontier state north of the Greek peninsula. |
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| Battlefield scene of the Athenian victory over the Persians in 490 B.C.E. |
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| A war between camps led by Athens and Sparta the ended in 404 B.C.E. with the unconditional surrender of Athens. |
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| War sparked by the revolt of Greek cities on the Ionian coast against Persia. After Persia fails to take Athens, the Persian army is forced to retreat back to Anatolia. |
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| Greek term for the city-state. |
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| Term used to signify both the Egyptian kingdom founded by Alexander the Great's general Ptolemy and the thought of the philosopher Ptolemy of Alexandria (second century C.E.), who used mathematical formulas in an attempt to prove Aristotle's geocentric theory of the universe. |
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| Persian empire (323-83 B.C.E.) founded by Seleucus after the death of Alexander the Great. |
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| Hellenistic philosophers who sought equanimity, doubting the certainty of knowledge. |
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| Hellenistic philosophers who sought equanimity, doubting the certainty of knowledge. |
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| Hellenistic philosophers who encouraged their followers to lead active, virtuous lives and to aid others. |
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