Term
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Definition
| Smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 or more atoms joined together |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of 2 or more elements |
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Term
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Definition
| involves change of structure to an atom, ion, or molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| a bond that formed as a result of 2 ions transfering their electrons to each other |
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Term
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Definition
| sharing of electrons between atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| atoms that are charged by the loss or gain of electrons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ions capable of producing electricity |
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Term
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Definition
| science of body structures and the relationships among them |
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Term
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Definition
| sciences of body functions how the body parts work |
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Term
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Definition
| groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of tissue |
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Definition
epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue
nervous tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| structures that are composed of 2 or more different types of tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of related organs with a common function |
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Term
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Definition
| person feels body surfaces with hands |
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Term
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Definition
| examiner taps on the body surface with fingertips and listens to the echo |
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Term
| what are 6 levels of organization in the body |
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Definition
chemical level
cellular level
tissue level
organ level
system level
organism level |
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Term
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Definition
| sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| breakdown of complex chemcial substances into simpler components |
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Term
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Definition
| building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components |
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Term
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Definition
| bodys ability to detecta nd respond to changes |
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Term
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Definition
| motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, and increase in the number of cells or both |
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Term
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Definition
| condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment due to the constant interaction of the bodys many regulatory processes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| extracellular fluid within the blood vessels |
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Term
| How does the nervous system regulate homeostasis |
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Definition
by sending electrical signs, nerve impulses to organs that can counteract changes from the balances state, they can also send out hormones,
both are affective but nerve impulses are faster while hormones are slower |
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Term
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Definition
| cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated |
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Term
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Definition
| any disruption that changes a controlled condition in a feedback system |
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Term
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Definition
body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and send input to a control center
input is in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals |
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Term
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Definition
sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed
output would be nerve impulses or hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what kind of feedback is it when the response reverses the stimulus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| force exerted by blood as it presses against the walls of blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| send nerve impulses to the brain which interprets the impulses and responds by sending nerve impulses to the heart and blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| strengthen or reinforce a change i one of the bodys controlled conditions |
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Term
| What are the 6 steps of the feedback system |
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Definition
1. distrupts homeostasis
2. controlled condition is monitored
3. receptors send
4. control center that recieves the input and devices
5. output effectors that bring about a change
6.Process starts over |
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Term
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Definition
| widening of blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormality of structure or function |
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Term
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Definition
| more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| affects one part or a limited region of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| affects either the entire body or several parts of it |
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Term
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Definition
| subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer |
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Term
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Definition
| objective changes that a clincian can observe and measure |
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Term
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Definition
| science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another |
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Term
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Definition
| subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing directly forward, feet flat upper lims are at the sides with the palms turned forward |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the head |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical position for the skull |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical name for face |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for forehead |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for temple |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the eye |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the ear |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the cheek |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the nose |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the mouth |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the chin |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the neck |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the breastbone |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the chest |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the abdomen |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the pelvis |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the armpit |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the arm |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the front of the elbow |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the forearm |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the wrist |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the palm |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the fingers |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the breast |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the navel |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the hip |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the groin |
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Definition
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Term
what is the anatomical term for the thumb
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the hand |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the pubis |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the thigh |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the anterior surface of the knee |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the leg |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the ankle |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the foot |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the anatomical term for the toes |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the anatomical term for the top of foot |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the anatomical term for the great toe |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the shoulder blade |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the spinal colum |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the back of the elbow |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for between the hips |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the back |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the buttock |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the back of the hand |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the region between the anus and external genitals |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the hollow behind the knee |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the leg |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the sole of the foot |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the anatomical term for the heel |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| toward the head or the upper part of a structure |
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Term
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Definition
| away from the head or the lower part of a structure |
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Term
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Definition
| nearer to or at the front of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| nearer to or at the back of the body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| on the same side of the body as another structure |
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Term
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Definition
| on the opposite side of the body from another structure |
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Term
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Definition
| nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure |
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Term
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Definition
| farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure |
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Term
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Definition
| toward or on the surface of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| away from the surface of the body |
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Term
| what are the 3 primary germ layers |
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Definition
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm |
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Term
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Definition
| vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides |
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Term
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Definition
| divided into unequal sides |
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Term
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Definition
| divides the body into anterior and posterior; front and back |
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Term
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Definition
| divides the body into superior and inferior portions; upper and lower |
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Term
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Definition
| spaces within the body that help protect, separate and support internal organs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what does the epithelial tissue do? |
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Definition
| covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts; forms glands |
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Term
| What does the connective tissue do? |
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Definition
| protects and supports the body and its organs; store energy reserves as fat and help provide immunity to disease causing organisms |
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Term
| what does muscular tissue do? |
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Definition
| generates the physical force needed to make body structures move and generates body heat |
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Term
| what does the nervous tissue do? |
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Definition
| detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds by generating action potentials(nerve impulses) that activate muscular contractions and glandular secretions |
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Term
| what is included in the endoderm germ layer? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is included in the mesoderm germ layer |
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Definition
| bones, muscle, kidney, heart, blood |
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Term
| what is included in the ectoderm germ layer |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells |
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Term
| what are the 5 types of cell junctions |
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Definition
tight junctions
adherens junctions
desmosomes,
hemidesmosomes
gap junctions |
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Term
| where are the tight junctions located? |
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Definition
stomach
intestines
urinary bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes together to seal off passageways between adjacent cells |
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Term
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Definition
| contain plaque a dense layer of proteins on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches both to membrane proteins and to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| encircle the cell similar to the way a belt encircles your waist |
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Term
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Definition
| transmembrane glycoproteins |
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Term
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Definition
| contain plaque and have cadherins that extend into the intercellular space between adjacent cell membranes and attach cells to one another |
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Term
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Definition
| single cell or group of cells that secrete substances into ducts onto a surface or into the blood |
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Term
| What are the 2 classifications the glandular epithelium? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
ductless glands
secrete in bloodstream
pituitary adrenal and thyroid gland
secrete hormones which maintain homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
do not link adjacent cells like desmosomes do
integrins instead of cadherins |
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Term
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Definition
have ducts except unicellular
secrete into ducts
salivary, sweat glands, apocrine gland |
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Term
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Definition
present in the basement membrane
protein
integrins attach to it |
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Term
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Definition
| goblet cell most important it secretes its mucus directly on the surface of covering and lining |
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Term
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Definition
secrete products into ducts
empty onto covering or lining |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane proteins--connexins form tiny fluid filled tunnels which are connexons |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets in iehter single or multiple layers |
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Term
| what are the 3 major functions of epithelial cells |
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Definition
1. selective barriers that limit or aid the transfer of substances into and out of the body
2.secretor surfaces that release products produced by the cells onto their free surfaces
3. protective surfaces that resist the abrasive influences of the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| thin extracellular layer that commonly consists of 2 layers |
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Term
| which tissue has its own nerve supply and is avascular |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 types of epithelial tissue |
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Definition
glandular epithelium
covering and lining epithelium |
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Term
| there are 4 different types of simple epithelium, what are they? |
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Definition
simple squamous epithelium
simple cuboidal epithelium
simple columnar epithelium(non ciliated and ciliated)
psuedostratified columnar epithelium(non ciliated and ciliated) |
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Term
| There are 4 types of stratified epithelium, what are they? |
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Definition
stratified squamous epithelium(keratinized/nonkeratinized
stratified cuboidal epithelium
stratified columnar epithelium
transitional epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| fingerlike cytoplasmic projections, increase the surface area of the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| modified columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus, a slightly sticky fluid, at their apical surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| tough fibrous portein that helps protect the skin and underlying tissues from heat, microbes and chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
| may consist of a single cell or a group of cells that secret substances into ducts, onto a surface, or into the blood |
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Term
| what is it called when a duct of a gland doesnt branch? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is it called when the gland does branch? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of gland is a merocrine glands |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| synthesized on ribosomes attache to rought ER processed, sorted, and packaged by the golgi complex |
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Term
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Definition
accumulate their secretory product at the apical surface of the secreting cell
pinches off portion of cell
remaining part of cell repairs itself and starts the process over |
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Term
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Definition
accumulate a secretory product in their cytosol
cell ruptures and becomes the secretory product |
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Term
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Definition
most abundant and widely distributed
highly vascular, dont contain free surfaces
nerve supply
bind, support and strengthens other body tissue
protects and insulated internal organs
compartmentalized structures w/ the body
major site of stored energy reserves
main site of immune response |
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Term
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Definition
fills w/ wide spaces b/t its cells
contains protein based fibers
contains ground substances
matrix consistency will vary depending on the type of conn. tissue |
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Term
| what are the 3 types of protein fibers? |
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Definition
collagen
elastic
reticular |
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Term
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Definition
strong and resilent but not stiff
found in most conn. tissue |
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Term
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Definition
branched and contain elastic
smaller than collagen
strong and elastic |
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Term
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Definition
consists of collagen
thin and branching
provide strength and support
found in reticular tissue |
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Term
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Definition
secrete fibers
large, flat cells with branching process |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of loose connective tissue? |
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Definition
areolar
adipose
reticular |
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Term
| what are the 3 types of dense connective tissue? |
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Definition
regular
irrelgular
elastic |
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Term
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Definition
skin which cvers the entire surface of the body and consists of a superficial portion and a deeper portion
largest organ of the body |
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Term
| what are the 2 layers of skin |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 principle cells in the epidermis |
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Definition
keratinocytes
melanocytes
langeerhans cells
merkel cells |
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Term
| what are keratinocytes used for? |
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Definition
protection
homeostasis
wound healing |
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Term
| what are melanocytes used for? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| langerhans cell used for? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mechanoreceptors from pressure and vibrations |
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Term
| The skin is divided into 5 layers what are they |
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Definition
1. stratum corneum-most superficial
2. stratum lucidum- thick n hairless transparent
3. stratum granulosum
4. stratum spinosum
5 stratum basale-last layer of skin |
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Term
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Definition
| pigment that contributes to skin color and absorbs damaging UV light |
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Term
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Definition
new cells form in the basale and push toward the surface
takes about 1 month for cells to migrate deep
as they move up they become more keratinized
undergo apoptosis(programmed cell death
Epidermal Growth Factor(EGF) plays role in growth |
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Term
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Definition
deeper part of skin
composed of strong connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers
blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles |
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Term
| the dermis has 2 regions what are they? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
1/5 of the dermis
consists of areolar connective tissue with thin collagen and fine elastic fibers
contains dermal ridges that house capillaries, meissner corpuscles and free nerve endings |
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Term
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Definition
deeper portion of the dermis
4/5 of the dermis
consists of dense irregular connnective tissue with bundles of thick collagen and some coarse elastic fibers
spaces between fibers contain some adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous glands |
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Term
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Definition
| study of the epidermal ridges |
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Term
|
Definition
melanin
carotene
hemoglobin |
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Term
| 2 types of skin what are they |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| covers all parts of the body except palms, soles and palmar surface of digits |
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Term
|
Definition
covers palms, soles and fingers
hairless |
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Term
|
Definition
composed of dead, keratinized cells
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| portion of hair deep to the shaft |
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|
Term
| shaft and root of hair have 3 concentric layers, what are they? |
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Definition
1. medulla-deepest
2. cortex
3. cuticle-superficial |
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Term
|
Definition
oil glands
simple branched acinar glands
connected to hair follicles
secrete sebum to coat the surface of hairs |
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Term
|
Definition
| mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, porteins, and inorganic salts |
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