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| functions of the nervous system (3) |
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-- monitors the internal & external environments.
-- integrates sensory info
-- coordinates voluntary & involuntary responses of other systems |
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central nervous system.
consists of (2)? functions (5)? |
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| consists of the brain and spinal cord. it integrates and coordinates sensory data; motor commands; intelligence, memory and emotion. |
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| peripheral nervous system. function |
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| connects the CNS with the rest of the body. divided into automatic NS & somatic NS |
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| controls viscera. heart, glands, intestines. divided into sympathetic NS & parasympathetic NS |
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| maintains signaling abilities of neurons |
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| 4 types of neuroglial cells |
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ogliodendroglia--form a fatty insulative sheath around fibers of CNS neurons called myelin.
microglia--protect neurons by engulfing pathogens & debris.
astrocytes--transport & block harmful substances from blood by causing capillaries to become impermeable to them.
schwann cells--form a protective sheath for PNS neurons
ependymal cell--secretes the cerebral spinal fluid |
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| cell body, axon, dendrite |
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--contains the nucleus.
--could be different shapes.
--nissel bodies function in protein synthesis,
--neurofibrils are protein filaments that facilitate transport of impulses and provide support |
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| the cytoplasmic extension of the cell body is the nerve fiber of process |
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| short branched fiber that carries the nerve impulse to the nerve body. afferent process. |
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| carries the impulse away from the cell. it's the efferent process |
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| formed from schwanna cells that protect the axon |
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| gaps in the axon that impulses jump through |
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| connects the cell body to the axon. it's the electro-physio trigger that fires the impulse through the axon. due to positive feedback between crowded voltage. gated sodium channels which are present at the axon hillock |
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| myelin covered nerves of the brain & outer area of the spinal cord |
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| non myelin covered nerve tissue of the outer portion of the brain and center of the spinal cord |
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| formed by schwanna cells. it surrounds the myelin. important in nerve cell regeneration of PNS |
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| between the introduction of a stumulus & an organism's reaction to it is the reaction time. nerve impulse reactions follow the all or nothing law. |
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| action potential either occurs completely nor not at all. if the impulse isn't strong enough, the neuron will not fire. |
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| when enough stimulus has been applied, the nerve is excited. the excited nerve sends an impulse along its axon to the next nerve cell's dendrite. 0.5-120 m/s |
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when a neuron is at rest, it is polarized. NA & K = balanced. at rest, the electric charge inside & outside the cell is different. the difference = resting potential, and the cell is polarized.
1 phosphate. 3 sodium 2 potassium exchanged |
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| breaks in the myelin sheath @ nodes of ranvier allow the signal to jump, thereby speeding it up. this is called S.C. |
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--glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the mamalian nervous system.
--ACH stimulates muscle contraction
--norepinhephrine facilitates nerve impulse propagation.
--ephinephrine stimulates body under stress
--dopamine is both excitatory and inhibitory
--serotonin affects blood vessel diameter and mood
--gaba is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter
--endorphines interact with opiate receptors int he brain to reduce our percetpion of pain, much like morphine |
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| released from the medulla of the adrenal gland as a hormone into the blood. also released from noradrenergic neurons during synaptic transmission. stress hormone that affects part of the brain where attention and impulses are controlled. affects fight or flight response& sympathetic nervous system to increwase heart rate, releaser energy from fat, and increa muscle readiness |
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| PLAYS A CENTRAL ROLE IN THE SHORT-TERM STRESS REACTION. THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO THRTEATENING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS LIKE HIGH NOISE LEVELS. IT REACTS TO STRESS INDCUED ANGER. SECRETED BY ADRENAL MEDULLA. WHEN RELEASED INT HE BLOOD stream, it binds to multiple receptors and has numerous effects. ^ heartrate. constricts arteroiles in skin and gut, but dialate arterioles in l eg muscles. ^ blood sugar level. ^ hydolysis of glycogen to glucose in the liver. suppressive effect on the immune system. |
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| emit a teaching signal for prioritizing & learning of reward-dreicted behavior & code reward info relative to established predictions. lack of dopamine--basal nucleus continues to cause nerves to contract. cocaine inhibits removal of dopamine from synapse. feeling of euophria. |
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| reulation of mood, sleep, amesis (vomiting), sex and appetite. low serotonin=depression, migraine, bipolar disorder, anxiety. prozac works by blocking serotonin uptake. similar to infomula to psilcocynin. eating carbs causes changes in the blood to occur and the amino acid triptophan is transported to the brain, where it's used to make the neurotransmitter, serotonin |
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| feelings of euphoria, modulation of apeptite, release of sex hormones & enhancement of immune reponses. ^ endorphins, V pain, V negative effects of stress released during strenuous exercise & reponsible for runner's high. |
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| inhibitory neurotransmitter. causes hyper polarization. (more polarized) |
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| drug causes the brain to overreact. regulates several processes in the brain, like mood emotions, aggresion, sleep, apetite, enxiety, memory and perceptions. |
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| The executive functions of the frontal lobes involve the ability to recognize future consequences resulting from current actions, to choose between good and bad actions (or better and best), override and suppress unacceptable social responses, and determine similarities and differences between things or events. |
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--largest region of the brain.
--conscious thought & intellectual functions
--site where somatic sensory info is received & reponse is generated. most of which we are aware of.
--most sensory processsing & visceral motor activity occurs outside this region.
--grey matter occus on the surface of the cortex, white matter is prevalent int he interior.
--primary motor cortex dreicts voluntary movements by controlling somatic moto neurons in the bra.
--pimary sensory cortex receives somatic sensory info from receptos for touch |
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| link between cerebrum & brainstem |
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| ascending sensory info projected to primary sensory cortex. sleep, sight, sound, touch, taste & cerebral cortex |
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| secretes ADH. regulates body temp. coordinates circadian cycles. secrtese hormones., influence pituitary. controls medullary nuclei that regulate heart rate & BP. feed refelxes. swalliwing. |
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| connects 2 hemispheres of the cerebral cortex. |
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| antidiretic. how much water you retain/lose. kidneys |
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| important because we weight pros & cons of studying the brain. brain study began |
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| sensory nuclei. superior C & inferior C |
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| controls eyes, head, neck, in response to visual stimuli |
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| controls eyes head neck in repsonse to auditory stimuli |
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| inhibits basal ganglia by releasing dopamine. damaaged AN is ^ BG activity. (parkinsons' disease) |
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| regulaes distribution of blood flow, heartrate & force. respiration and fastroin testinal function |
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| balanced info, and senses it to the brain. regulates motor coorinating and equilibrium |
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| links cerebelleum with dicephalon, cerebrum & spinal cord |
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